NAME

notcurses - TUI library for modern terminal emulators

SYNOPSIS

#include <notcurses/notcurses.h>

-lnotcurses

DESCRIPTION

Notcurses builds atop the terminfo(5) abstraction layer to provide reasonably portable vivid character displays. It is an intellectual descendant of ncurses(3NCURSES), but goes beyond that library (and the X/Open Curses API thus implemented).

A program wishing to use Notcurses will need to link it, ideally using the output of pkg-config --libs notcurses (see pkg-config(1)). It is advised to compile with the output of pkg-config --cflags notcurses. If using CMake, a support file is provided, and can be accessed as Notcurses (see cmake(1)).

notcurses_init(3) can then be used to initialize a Notcurses instance for a given FILE (usually stdout, usually attached to a terminal).

Construction

Before calling into Notcurses—and usually as one of the first calls of the program—be sure to call setlocale with an appropriate UTF-8 LC_ALL locale. It is usually appropriate to use setlocale(LC_ALL, ""), relying on the user to properly set the LANG environment variable. Notcurses will refuse to start if nl_langinfo(3) doesn't indicate UTF-8 or ANSI_X3.4-1968 (aka US-ASCII). Be aware that capabilities are substantially reduced in ASCII.

notcurses_init(3) accepts a struct notcurses_options allowing fine-grained control of Notcurses behavior, including signal handlers, alternative screens, and overriding the TERM environment variable. A terminfo entry appropriate for the actual terminal must be available.

ncdirect_init(3) makes available a very restricted subset of Notcurses functionality. This subset is intended to be interleaved with user- generated output, and is limited to coloring and styling. Direct mode is documented in notcurses_directmode(3)

Output

All output is performed on struct ncplanes (see [Ncplanes][] below). Output is not visible until explicitly rendered via notcurses_render(3). It is safe to output from multiple threads. Information on drawing functions is available at notcurses_output(3).

Input

Notcurses supports input from keyboards (via stdin) and pointing devices (via a broker such as GPM, X, or Wayland). Input is delivered as 32-bit Unicode code points. Synthesized events such as mouse button presses and arrow keys are mapped into Unicode's Supplementary Private Use Area-B. Information on input is available at notcurses_input(3). The included tool notcurses-input(1) can be used to test input decoding.

Ncplanes

Following initialization, a single ncplane exists, the "standard plane" (see notcurses_stdplane(3)). This plane cannot be destroyed nor manually resized, and is always exactly as large as the screen (if run without a TTY, the "screen" is assumed to be 80x24 cells). Further ncplanes can be created with ncplane_new(3). A total z-ordering always exists on the set of ncplanes, and new ncplanes are placed at the top of the z-buffer. Ncplanes can be larger, smaller, or the same size as the physical screen, and can be placed anywhere relative to it (including entirely off-screen). Ncplanes are made up of nccells (see [NcCells][] below). Information on ncplanes is available at notcurses_plane(3).

NcCells

nccells make up the framebuffers backing each ncplane, one cell per coordinate, one extended grapheme cluster (see unicode(7)) per cell. An nccell consists of a gcluster (either a directly-encoded 7-bit ASCII character (see ascii(7)), or a 25-bit index into the ncplane's egcpool), a set of attributes, and two channels (one for the foreground, and one for the background—see notcurses_channels(3)). Information on cells is available at notcurses_cell(3).

It is not usually necessary for users to interact directly with nccells. They are typically encountered when retrieving data from ncplanes or the rendered scene (see e.g. ncplane_at_yx(3)), or to achieve peak performance when a particular EGC is heavily reused within a plane.

Widgets

A few high-level widgets are included, all built atop ncplanes:

notcurses_fds(3) for dumping file descriptors/subprocesses to a plane
notcurses_menu(3) for menu bars at the top or bottom of the screen
notcurses_multiselector(3) for selecting one or more items from a set
notcurses_plot(3) for drawing histograms and lineplots
notcurses_progbar(3) for drawing progress bars
notcurses_reader(3) for free-form input data
notcurses_reel(3) for hierarchal display of data
notcurses_selector(3) for selecting one item from a set

Threads

Notcurses explicitly supports use in multithreaded environments, but it does not itself perform any locking. It is safe to output to multiple distinct ncplanes at the same time. It is safe to output to ncplanes while adding or deleting some other ncplane. It is not safe for multiple threads to output to the same ncplane. It is not safe to add, delete, or reorder ncplanes from multiple threads, and it is never safe to invoke notcurses_render while any other thread is touching that notcurses object (aside from input functions; read on).

Only one thread may call notcurses_getc or any other input-related thread at a time, but it is safe to call for input while another thread renders.

Since multiple threads can concurrently manipulate distinct ncplanes, peak performance sometimes requires dividing the screen into several planes, and manipulating them from multiple threads.

Destruction

Before exiting, notcurses_stop(3) should be called. In addition to freeing up resources, this is necessary to restore the terminal to a state useful for the shell. By default, notcurses_init(3) installs signal handlers to catch all signals which would normally terminate the process. The new handlers will try to call notcurses_stop(3), and then propagate the received signal to the previous action.

NOTES

When using the C++ wrappers, NCPP_EXCEPTIONS_PLEASE can be defined in order to turn most error returns into exceptions.

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