lnav/test/expected/test_cmds.sh_b6a3bb78e9d60e5e1f5ce5b18e40d2f1662707ab.out

 
lnav
 
A fancy log file viewer for the terminal.
 
Overview
 
The Logfile Navigator, lnav, is an enhanced log file viewer that takes
advantage of any semantic information that can be gleaned from the
files being viewed, such as timestamps and log levels. Using this
extra semantic information, lnav can do things like interleaving
messages from different files, generate histograms of messages over
time, and providing hotkeys for navigating through the file. It is
hoped that these features will allow the user to quickly and
efficiently zero in on problems.
 
Opening Paths/URLs
 
The main arguments to lnav are the local/remote files, directories,
glob patterns, or URLs to be viewed. If no arguments are given, the
default syslog file for your system will be opened. These arguments
will be polled periodically so that any new data or files will be
automatically loaded. If a previously loaded file is removed or
replaced, it will be closed and the replacement opened.
 
Note: When opening SFTP URLs, if the password is not provided for the
host, the SSH agent can be used to do authentication.
 
Options
 
Lnav takes a list of files to view and/or you can use the flag
arguments to load well-known log files, such as the syslog log files.
The flag arguments are:
 
• -a Load all of the most recent log file types.
• -r Recursively load files from the given directory
hierarchies.
• -R Load older rotated log files as well.
 
When using the flag arguments, lnav will look for the files relative
to the current directory and its parent directories. In other words,
if you are working within a directory that has the well-known log
files, those will be preferred over any others.
 
If you do not want the default syslog file to be loaded when no files
are specified, you can pass the -N flag.
 
Any files given on the command-line are scanned to determine their log
file format and to create an index for each line in the file. You do
not have to manually specify the log file format. The currently
supported formats are: syslog, apache, strace, tcsh history, and
generic log files with timestamps.
 
Lnav will also display data piped in on the standard input. The
following options are available when doing so:
 
• -t Prepend timestamps to the lines of data being read
in on the standard input.
• -w file Write the contents of the standard input to
this file.
 
To automatically execute queries or lnav commands after the files have
been loaded, you can use the following options:
 
• -c cmd A command, query, or file to execute. The
first character determines the type of operation: a colon
( : ) is used for the built-in commands; a semi-colon ( ;
) for SQL queries; and a pipe symbol ( | ) for executing
a file containing other commands. For example, to open
the file "foo.log" and go to the tenth line in the file,
you can do:
 
▌lnav -c ':goto 10' foo.log
 
This option can be given multiple times to execute
multiple operations in sequence.
• -f file A file that contains commands, queries, or
files to execute. This option is a shortcut for -c '|file'
. You can use a dash ( - ) to execute commands from the
standard input.
 
To execute commands/queries without opening the interactive text UI,
you can pass the -n option. This combination of options allows you
to write scripts for processing logs with lnav. For example, to get a
list of IP addresses that dhclient has bound to in CSV format:
 
▌#! /usr/bin/lnav -nf
▌
▌# Usage: dhcp_ip.lnav /var/log/messages
▌# Only include lines that look like:
▌# Apr 29 00:31:56 example-centos5 dhclient: bound to 10.1.10.103 -- renewal in 9938 seconds.
▌
▌:filter-in dhclient: bound to
▌
▌# The log message parser will extract the IP address
▌# as col_0, so we select that and alias it to "dhcp_ip".
▌;SELECT DISTINCT col_0 AS dhcp_ip FROM logline;
▌
▌# Finally, write the results of the query to stdout.
▌:write-csv-to -
 
Display
 
The main part of the display shows the log lines from the files
interleaved based on time-of-day. New lines are automatically loaded
as they are appended to the files and, if you are viewing the bottom
of the files, lnav will scroll down to display the new lines, much
like tail -f .
 
On color displays, the lines will be highlighted as follows:
 
• Errors will be colored in red;
• warnings will be yellow;
• boundaries between days will be underlined; and
• various color highlights will be applied to: IP
addresses, SQL keywords, XML tags, file and line numbers
in Java backtraces, and quoted strings.
 
To give you an idea of where you are spatially, the right side of the
display has a proportionally sized 'scroll bar' that indicates your
current position in the files. The scroll bar will also show areas of
the file where warnings or errors are detected by coloring the bar
yellow or red, respectively. Tick marks will also be added to the left
and right-hand side of the bar, for search hits and bookmarks.
 
The bar on the left side indicates the file the log message is from. A
break in the bar means that the next log message comes from a
different file. The color of the bar is derived from the file name.
Pressing the left-arrow or h will reveal the source file names for
each message and pressing again will show the full paths.
 
Above and below the main body are status lines that display a variety
of information. The top line displays:
 
• The current time, configurable by the /ui/clock-format
property.
• The highest priority message from the lnav_user_notifications
table. You can insert rows into this table to display
your own status messages. The default message displayed
on startup explains how to focus on the next status line
at the top, which is an interactive breadcrumb bar.
 
The second status line at the top display breadcrumbs for the top line
in the main view. Pressing ENTER will focus input on the breadcrumb
bar, the cursor keys can be used to select a breadcrumb. The common
breadcrumbs are:
 
• The name of the current view.
• In the log view, the timestamp of the top log message.
• In the log view, the format of the log file the top log
message is from.
• The name of the file the top line was pulled from.
• If the top line is within a larger chunk of structured
data, the path to the value in the top line will be
shown.
 
Notes:
 
1. Pressing CTRL-A / CTRL-E will select the first/last
breadcrumb.
2. Typing text while a breadcrumb is selected will
perform a fuzzy search on the possibilities.
 
The bottom status bar displays:
 
• The line number for the top line in the display.
• The current search hit, the total number of hits, and
the search term.
 
If the view supports filtering, there will be a status line showing
the following:
 
• The number of enabled filters and the total number of
filters.
• The number of lines not displayed because of filtering.
 
To edit the filters, you can press TAB to change the focus from the
main view to the filter editor. The editor allows you to create,
enable/disable, and delete filters easily.
 
Along with filters, a "Files" panel will also be available for viewing
and controlling the files that lnav is currently monitoring.
 
Finally, the last line on the display is where you can enter search
patterns and execute internal commands, such as converting a
unix-timestamp into a human-readable date. The command-line is
implemented using the readline library, so the usual set of keyboard
shortcuts are available. Most commands and searches also support
tab-completion.
 
The body of the display is also used to display other content, such
as: the help file, histograms of the log messages over time, and SQL
results. The views are organized into a stack so that any time you
activate a new view with a key press or command, the new view is
pushed onto the stack. Pressing the same key again will pop the view
off of the stack and return you to the previous view. Note that you
can always use q to pop the top view off of the stack.
 
Default Key Bindings
 
Views
 
Key(s) Action
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
? View/leave this help message.
q Leave the current view or quit the program when in
the log file view.
Q Similar to q , except it will try to sync the top
time between the current and former views. For
example, when leaving the spectrogram view with Q
, the top time in that view will be matched to the
top time in the log view.
TAB Toggle focusing on the filter editor or the main
view.
ENTER Focus on the breadcrumb bar.
a/A Restore the view that was previously popped with q
/ Q . The A hotkey will try to match the top
times between the two views.
X Close the current text file or log file.
 
Spatial Navigation
 
Key(s) Action
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
g/Home Move to the top of the file.
G/End Move to the end of the file. If the view is
already at the end, it will move to the last line.
SPACE/PgDn Move down a page.
b/PgUp Move up a page.
j/↓ Move down a line.
k/↑ Move up a line.
h/← Move to the left. In the log view, moving left
will reveal the source log file names for each
line. Pressing again will reveal the full path.
l/→ Move to the right.
H/Shift ← Move to the left by a smaller increment.
L/Shift → Move to the right by a smaller increment.
e/E Move to the next/previous error.
w/W Move to the next/previous warning.
n/N Move to the next/previous search hit. When pressed
repeatedly within a short time, the view will move
at least a full page at a time instead of moving
to the next hit.
f/F Move to the next/previous file. In the log view,
this moves to the next line from a different file.
In the text view, this rotates the view to the
next file.
>/< Move horizontally to the next/previous search hit.
o/O Move forward/backward to the log message with a
matching 'operation ID' (opid) field.
u/U Move forward/backward through any user bookmarks
you have added using the 'm' key. This hotkey will
also jump to the start of any log partitions that
have been created with the 'partition-name'
command.
s/S Move to the next/previous "slow down" in the log
message rate. A slow down is detected by measuring
how quickly the message rate has changed over the
previous several messages. For example, if one
message is logged every second for five seconds
and then the last message arrives five seconds
later, the last message will be highlighted as a
slow down.
{/} Move to the previous/next location in history.
Whenever you jump to a new location in the view,
the location will be added to the history. The
history is not updated when using only the arrow
keys.
 
Chronological Navigation
 
Key(s) Action
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
d/D Move forward/backward 24 hours from the current
position in the log file.
1-6/Shift 1-6 Move to the next/previous n'th ten minute of the
hour. For example, '4' would move to the first log
line in the fortieth minute of the current hour in
the log. And, '6' would move to the next hour
boundary.
7/8 Move to the previous/next minute.
0/Shift 0 Move to the next/previous day boundary.
r/R Move forward/backward based on the relative time
that was last used with the 'goto' command. For
example, executing ':goto a minute later' will
move the log view forward a minute and then
pressing 'r' will move it forward a minute again.
Pressing 'R' will then move the view in the
opposite direction, so backwards a minute.
 
Bookmarks
 
Key(s) Action
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
m Mark/unmark the line at the top of the display.
The line will be highlighted with reverse video to
indicate that it is a user bookmark. You can use
the u hotkey to iterate through marks you have
added.
M Mark/unmark all the lines between the top of the
display and the last line marked/unmarked.
J Mark/unmark the next line after the previously
marked line.
K Like J except it toggles the mark on the
previous line.
c Copy the marked text to the X11 selection buffer
or OS X clipboard.
C Clear all marked lines.
 
Display options
 
Key(s) Action
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
P Switch to/from the pretty-printed view of the log
or text files currently displayed. In this view,
structured data, such as XML, will be reformatted
to make it easier to read.
t Switch to/from the text file view. The text file
view is for any files that are not recognized as
log files.
= Pause/unpause loading of new file data.
Ctrl-L (Lo-fi mode) Exit screen-mode and write the
displayed log lines in plain text to the terminal
until a key is pressed. Useful for copying long
lines from the terminal without picking up any of
the extra decorations.
T Toggle the display of the "elapsed time" column
that shows the time elapsed since the beginning of
the logs or the offset from the previous bookmark.
Sharp changes in the message rate are highlighted
by coloring the separator between the time column
and the log message. A red highlight means the
message rate has slowed down and green means it
has sped up. You can use the "s/S" hotkeys to scan
through the slow downs.
i View/leave a histogram of the log messages over
time. The histogram counts the number of displayed
log lines for each bucket of time. The bars are
layed out horizontally with colored segments
representing the different log levels. You can use
the z hotkey to change the size of the time
buckets (e.g. ten minutes, one hour, one day).
I Switch between the log and histogram views while
keeping the time displayed at the top of each view
in sync. For example, if the top line in the log
view is "11:40", hitting I will switch to the
histogram view and scrolled to display "11:00" at
the top (if the zoom level is hours).
z/Shift Z Zoom in or out one step in the histogram view.
v Switch to/from the SQL result view.
V Switch between the log and SQL result views while
keeping the top line number in the log view in
sync with the log_line column in the SQL view. For
example, doing a query that selects for
"log_idle_msecs" and "log_line", you can move the
top of the SQL view to a line and hit 'V' to
switch to the log view and move to the line number
that was selected in the "log_line" column. If
there is no "log_line" column, lnav will find the
first column with a timestamp and move to
corresponding time in the log view.
TAB/Shift TAB In the SQL result view, cycle through the columns
that are graphed. Initially, all number values are
displayed in a stacked graph. Pressing TAB will
change the display to only graph the first column.
Repeatedly pressing TAB will cycle through the
columns until they are all graphed again.
p In the log view: enable or disable the display of
the fields that the log message parser knows about
or has discovered. This overlay is temporarily
enabled when the semicolon key (;) is pressed so
that it is easier to write queries.
In the DB view: enable or disable the display of
values in columns containing JSON-encoded values
in the top row. The overlay will display the
JSON-Pointer reference and value for all fields in
the JSON data.
CTRL-W Toggle word-wrapping.
CTRL-P Show/hide the data preview panel that may be
opened when entering commands or SQL queries.
CTRL-F Toggle the enabled/disabled state of all filters
in the current view.
x Toggle the hiding of log message fields. The
hidden fields will be replaced with three bullets
and highlighted in yellow.
F2 Toggle mouse support.
 
Query
 
Key(s) Action
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
/regexp Start a search for the given regular expression.
The search is live, so when there is a pause in
typing, the currently running search will be
canceled and a new one started. The first ten
lines that match the search will be displayed in
the preview window at the bottom of the view.
History is maintained for your searches so you can
rerun them easily. Words that are currently
displayed are also available for tab-completion,
so you can easily search for values without
needing to copy-and-paste the string. If there is
an error encountered while trying to interpret the
expression, the error will be displayed in red on
the status line. While the search is active, the
'hits' field in the status line will be green,
when finished it will turn back to black.
:<command> Execute an internal command. The commands are
listed below. History is also supported in this
context as well as tab-completion for commands and
some arguments. The result of the command replaces
the command you typed.
;<sql> Execute an SQL query. Most supported log file
formats provide a sqlite virtual table backend
that can be used in queries. See the SQL section
below for more information.
|<script> [arg1...] Execute an lnav script contained in a format
directory (e.g. ~/.lnav/formats/default). The
script can contain lines starting with : , ; ,
or | to execute commands, SQL queries or execute
other files in lnav. Any values after the script
name are treated as arguments can be referenced in
the script using $1 , $2 , and so on, like in a
shell script.
CTRL+], ESCAPE Abort command-line entry started with / , : , ;
, or | .
 
▌ Note: The regular expression format used by is PCRE
▌ (Perl-Compatible Regular Expressions). For example,
▌ if you wanted to search for ethernet device names,
▌ regardless of their ID number, you can type:
▌
▌ eth\d+
▌
▌ You can find more information about Perl regular
▌ expressions at:
▌
▌ http://perldoc.perl.org/perlre.html
▌
▌ If the search string is not valid PCRE, a search
▌ is done for the exact string instead of doing a
▌ regex search.
 
Session
 
Key(s) Action
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
CTRL-R Reset the session state. This will save the
current session state (filters, highlights) and
then reset the state to the factory default.
 
Filter Editor
 
The following hotkeys are only available when the focus is on the
filter editor. You can change the focus by pressing TAB.
 
Key(s) Action
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
q Switch the focus back to the main view.
j/↓ Select the next filter.
k/↑ Select the previous filter.
o Create a new "out" filter.
i Create a new "in" filter .
SPACE Toggle the enabled/disabled state of the currently
selected filter.
t Toggle the type of filter between "in" and "out".
ENTER Edit the selected filter.
D Delete the selected filter.
 
Mouse Support (experimental)
 
If you are using Xterm, or a compatible terminal, you can use the
mouse to mark lines of text and move the view by grabbing the
scrollbar.
 
NOTE: You need to manually enable this feature by setting the LNAV_EXP
environment variable to "mouse". F2 toggles mouse support.
 
SQL Queries (experimental)
 
Lnav has support for performing SQL queries on log files using the
Sqlite3 "virtual" table feature. For all supported log file types,
lnav will create tables that can be queried using the subset of SQL
that is supported by Sqlite3. For example, to get the top ten URLs
being accessed in any loaded Apache log files, you can execute:
 
▌;SELECT cs_uri_stem, count(*) AS total FROM access_log
▌ GROUP BY cs_uri_stem ORDER BY total DESC LIMIT 10;
 
The query result view shows the results and graphs any numeric values
found in the result, much like the histogram view.
 
The builtin set of log tables are listed below. Note that only the log
messages that match a particular format can be queried by a particular
table. You can find the file format and table name for the top log
message by looking in the upper right hand corner of the log file
view.
 
Some commonly used format tables are:
 
Name Description
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
access_log Apache common access log format
syslog_log Syslog format
strace_log Strace log format
generic_log 'Generic' log format. This table contains messages
from files that have a very simple format with a
leading timestamp followed by the message.
 
NOTE: You can get a dump of the schema for the internal tables, and
any attached databases, by running the .schema SQL command.
 
The columns available for the top log line in the view will
automatically be displayed after pressing the semicolon ( ; ) key. All
log tables contain at least the following columns:
 
Column Description
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
log_line The line number in the file, starting at zero.
log_part The name of the partition. You can change this
column using an UPDATE SQL statement or with the
'partition-name' command. After a value is set,
the following log messages will have the same
partition name up until another name is set.
log_time The time of the log entry.
log_idle_msecs The amount of time, in milliseconds, between the
current log message and the previous one.
log_level The log level (e.g. info, error, etc...).
log_mark The bookmark status for the line. This column can
be written to using an UPDATE query.
log_path The full path to the file.
log_text The raw line of text. Note that this column is
not included in the result of a 'select *', but it
does exist.
 
The following tables include the basic columns as listed above and
include a few more columns since the log file format is more
structured.
 
• syslog_log
 
Column Description
═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
log_hostname The hostname the message was received from.
log_procname The name of the process that sent the message.
log_pid The process ID of the process that sent the
message.
• access_log (The column names are the same as those in
the Microsoft LogParser tool.)
 
Column Description
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
c_ip The client IP address.
cs_username The client user name.
cs_method The HTTP method.
cs_uri_stem The stem portion of the URI.
cs_uri_query The query portion of the URI.
cs_version The HTTP version string.
sc_status The status number returned to the client.
sc_bytes The number of bytes sent to the client.
cs_referrer The URL of the referring page.
cs_user_agent The user agent string.
• strace_log (Currently, you need to run strace with
the -tt -T options so there are timestamps for each
function call.)
 
Column Description
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
funcname The name of the syscall.
result The result code.
duration The amount of time spent in the syscall.
arg0 - arg9 The arguments passed to the syscall.
 
These tables are created dynamically and not stored in memory or on
disk. If you would like to persist some information from the tables,
you can attach another database and create tables in that database.
For example, if you wanted to save the results from the earlier
example of a top ten query into the "/tmp/topten.db" file, you can do:
 
▌;ATTACH DATABASE '/tmp/topten.db' AS topten;
▌;CREATE TABLE topten.foo AS SELECT cs_uri_stem, count(*) AS total
▌ FROM access_log GROUP BY cs_uri_stem ORDER BY total DESC
▌ LIMIT 10;
 
Dynamic logline Table (experimental)
 
(NOTE: This feature is still very new and not completely reliable yet,
use with care.)
 
For log formats that lack message structure, lnav can parse the log
message and attempt to extract any data fields that it finds. This
feature is available through the logline log table. This table is
dynamically created and defined based on the message at the top of the
log view. For example, given the following log message from "sudo",
lnav will create the "logline" table with columns for "TTY", "PWD",
"USER", and "COMMAND":
 
▌May 24 06:48:38 Tim-Stacks-iMac.local sudo[76387]: stack : TTY=ttys003 ; PWD=/Users/stack/github/lbuild ; USER=root ; COMMAND=/bin/echo Hello, World!
 
Queries executed against this table will then only return results for
other log messages that have the same format. So, if you were to
execute the following query while viewing the above line, you might
get the following results:
 
▌;SELECT USER,COMMAND FROM logline;
 
USER COMMAND
═════════════════════════════════
root /bin/echo Hello, World!
mal /bin/echo Goodbye, World!
 
The log parser works by examining each message for key/value pairs
separated by an equal sign (=) or a colon (:). For example, in the
previous example of a "sudo" message, the parser sees the "USER=root"
string as a pair where the key is "USER" and the value is "root". If
no pairs can be found, then anything that looks like a value is
extracted and assigned a numbered column. For example, the following
line is from "dhcpd":
 
▌Sep 16 22:35:57 drill dhcpd: DHCPDISCOVER from 00:16:ce:54:4e:f3 via hme3
 
In this case, the lnav parser recognizes that "DHCPDISCOVER", the MAC
address and the "hme3" device name are values and not normal words.
So, it builds a table with three columns for each of these values. The
regular words in the message, like "from" and "via", are then used to
find other messages with a similar format.
 
If you would like to execute queries against log messages of different
formats at the same time, you can use the 'create-logline-table'
command to permanently create a table using the top line of the log
view as a template.
 
Other SQL Features
 
Environment variables can be used in SQL statements by prefixing the
variable name with a dollar-sign ($). For example, to read the value
of the HOME variable, you can do:
 
▌;SELECT $HOME;
 
To select the syslog messages that have a hostname field that is equal
to the HOSTNAME variable:
 
▌;SELECT * FROM syslog_log WHERE log_hostname = $HOSTNAME;
 
NOTE: Variable substitution is done for fields in the query and is not
a plain text substitution. For example, the following statement WILL
NOT WORK:
 
▌;SELECT * FROM $TABLE_NAME; -- Syntax error
 
Access to lnav's environment variables is also available via the
"environ" table. The table has two columns (name, value) and can be
read and written to using SQL SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE
statements. For example, to set the "FOO" variable to the value "BAR":
 
▌;INSERT INTO environ SELECT 'FOO', 'BAR';
 
As a more complex example, you can set the variable "LAST" to the last
syslog line number by doing:
 
▌;INSERT INTO environ SELECT 'LAST', (SELECT max(log_line) FROM syslog_log);
 
A delete will unset the environment variable:
 
▌;DELETE FROM environ WHERE name='LAST';
 
The table allows you to easily use the results of a SQL query in lnav
commands, which is especially useful when scripting lnav.
 
Contact
 
For more information, visit the lnav website at:
 
http://lnav.org[1]
 
▌[1] - http://lnav.org
 
For support questions, email:
 
lnav@googlegroups.com[1] support@lnav.org[2]
 
▌[1] - mailto:lnav@googlegroups.com
▌[2] - mailto:support@lnav.org
 
Command Reference
 
:adjust-log-time timestamp
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Change the timestamps of the top file to be relative to the given
date
Parameter
timestamp The new timestamp for the top line in the
view
 
Examples
#1 To set the top timestamp to a given date:
:adjust-log-time 2017-01-02T05:33:00
 
 
#2 To set the top timestamp back an hour:
:adjust-log-time -1h
 
 
 
:alt-msg msg
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Display a message in the alternate command position
Parameter
msg The message to display
See Also
:echo, :eval, :export-session-to, :redirect-to, :write-csv-to,
:write-json-to, :write-jsonlines-to, :write-raw-to, :write-screen-to,
:write-table-to, :write-to, :write-view-to
Example
#1 To display 'Press t to switch to the text view' on the bottom right:
:alt-msg Press t to switch to the text view
 
 
 
:append-to path
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Append marked lines in the current view to the given file
Parameter
path The path to the file to append to
See Also
:echo, :export-session-to, :pipe-line-to, :pipe-to, :redirect-to,
:write-csv-to, :write-json-to, :write-jsonlines-to, :write-raw-to,
:write-screen-to, :write-table-to, :write-to, :write-view-to, echoln()
Example
#1 To append marked lines to the file /tmp/interesting-lines.txt:
:append-to /tmp/interesting-lines.txt
 
 
 
:clear-comment
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Clear the comment attached to the top log line
See Also
:comment, :tag
 
:clear-filter-expr
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Clear the filter expression
See Also
:filter-expr, :filter-in, :filter-out, :hide-lines-after,
:hide-lines-before, :hide-unmarked-lines, :toggle-filtering
 
:clear-highlight pattern
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Remove a previously set highlight regular expression
Parameter
pattern The regular expression previously used with
:highlight
See Also
:enable-word-wrap, :hide-fields, :highlight
Example
#1 To clear the highlight with the pattern 'foobar':
:clear-highlight foobar
 
 
 
:clear-mark-expr
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Clear the mark expression
See Also
:hide-unmarked-lines, :mark, :mark-expr, :next-mark, :prev-mark
 
:clear-partition
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Clear the partition the top line is a part of
 
 
:close
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Close the top file in the view
 
 
:comment text
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Attach a comment to the top log line
Parameter
text The comment text
See Also
:clear-comment, :tag
Example
#1 To add the comment 'This is where it all went wrong' to the top line:
:comment This is where it all went wrong
 
 
 
:config option [value]
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Read or write a configuration option
Parameters
option The path to the option to read or write
value The value to write. If not given, the current
value is returned
See Also
:reset-config
Examples
#1 To read the configuration of the '/ui/clock-format' option:
:config /ui/clock-format
 
 
#2 To set the '/ui/dim-text' option to 'false':
:config /ui/dim-text false
 
 
 
:create-logline-table table-name
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Create an SQL table using the top line of the log view as a template
Parameter
table-name The name for the new table
See Also
:create-search-table, :create-search-table, :write-csv-to,
:write-json-to, :write-jsonlines-to, :write-raw-to, :write-screen-to,
:write-table-to, :write-view-to
Example
#1 To create a logline-style table named 'task_durations':
:create-logline-table task_durations
 
 
 
:create-search-table table-name [pattern]
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Create an SQL table based on a regex search
Parameters
table-name The name of the table to create
pattern The regular expression used to capture the
table columns. If not given, the current search
pattern is used.
See Also
:create-logline-table, :create-logline-table, :delete-search-table,
:delete-search-table, :write-csv-to, :write-json-to,
:write-jsonlines-to, :write-raw-to, :write-screen-to, :write-table-to,
:write-view-to
Example
#1 To create a table named 'task_durations' that matches log messages with the pattern
'duration=(?<duration>\d+)':
:create-search-table task_durations duration=(?<duration>\d+)
 
 
 
:current-time
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Print the current time in human-readable form and seconds since the
epoch
 
 
:delete-filter pattern
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Delete the filter created with :filter-in or :filter-out
Parameter
pattern The regular expression to match
See Also
:filter-in, :filter-out, :hide-lines-after, :hide-lines-before,
:hide-unmarked-lines, :toggle-filtering
Example
#1 To delete the filter with the pattern 'last message repeated':
:delete-filter last message repeated
 
 
 
:delete-logline-table table-name
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Delete a table created with create-logline-table
Parameter
table-name The name of the table to delete
See Also
:create-logline-table, :create-logline-table, :create-search-table,
:create-search-table, :write-csv-to, :write-json-to,
:write-jsonlines-to, :write-raw-to, :write-screen-to, :write-table-to,
:write-view-to
Example
#1 To delete the logline-style table named 'task_durations':
:delete-logline-table task_durations
 
 
 
:delete-search-table table-name
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Create an SQL table based on a regex search
Parameter
table-name The name of the table to create
See Also
:create-logline-table, :create-logline-table, :create-search-table,
:create-search-table, :write-csv-to, :write-json-to,
:write-jsonlines-to, :write-raw-to, :write-screen-to, :write-table-to,
:write-view-to
Example
#1 To delete the search table named 'task_durations':
:delete-search-table task_durations
 
 
 
:delete-tags tag1 [... tagN]
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Remove the given tags from all log lines
Parameter
tag The tags to delete
See Also
:comment, :tag
Example
#1 To remove the tags '#BUG123' and '#needs-review' from all log lines:
:delete-tags #BUG123 #needs-review
 
 
 
:disable-filter pattern
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Disable a filter created with filter-in/filter-out
Parameter
pattern The regular expression used in the filter
command
See Also
:enable-filter, :filter-in, :filter-out, :hide-lines-after,
:hide-lines-before, :hide-unmarked-lines, :toggle-filtering
Example
#1 To disable the filter with the pattern 'last message repeated':
:disable-filter last message repeated
 
 
 
:disable-word-wrap
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Disable word-wrapping for the current view
See Also
:enable-word-wrap, :hide-fields, :highlight
 
:echo [-n] msg
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Echo the given message to the screen or, if :redirect-to has been
called, to output file specified in the redirect. Variable
substitution is performed on the message. Use a backslash to escape
any special characters, like '$'
Parameters
-n Do not print a line-feed at the end of the output
msg The message to display
See Also
:alt-msg, :append-to, :eval, :export-session-to, :export-session-to,
:pipe-line-to, :pipe-to, :redirect-to, :redirect-to, :write-csv-to,
:write-csv-to, :write-json-to, :write-json-to, :write-jsonlines-to,
:write-jsonlines-to, :write-raw-to, :write-raw-to, :write-screen-to,
:write-screen-to, :write-table-to, :write-table-to, :write-to,
:write-to, :write-view-to, :write-view-to, echoln()
Example
#1 To output 'Hello, World!':
:echo Hello, World!
 
 
 
:enable-filter pattern
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Enable a previously created and disabled filter
Parameter
pattern The regular expression used in the filter
command
See Also
:filter-in, :filter-out, :hide-lines-after, :hide-lines-before,
:hide-unmarked-lines, :toggle-filtering
Example
#1 To enable the disabled filter with the pattern 'last message repeated':
:enable-filter last message repeated
 
 
 
:enable-word-wrap
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Enable word-wrapping for the current view
See Also
:disable-word-wrap, :hide-fields, :highlight
 
:eval command
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Evaluate the given command/query after doing environment variable
substitution
Parameter
command The command or query to perform substitution on.
See Also
:alt-msg, :echo, :export-session-to, :redirect-to, :write-csv-to,
:write-json-to, :write-jsonlines-to, :write-raw-to, :write-screen-to,
:write-table-to, :write-to, :write-view-to
Example
#1 To substitute the table name from a variable:
:eval ;SELECT * FROM ${table}
 
 
 
:export-session-to path
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Export the current lnav state to an lnav script file
Parameter
path The path to the file to write
See Also
:alt-msg, :append-to, :echo, :echo, :eval, :pipe-line-to, :pipe-to,
:redirect-to, :redirect-to, :write-csv-to, :write-csv-to,
:write-json-to, :write-json-to, :write-jsonlines-to,
:write-jsonlines-to, :write-raw-to, :write-raw-to, :write-screen-to,
:write-screen-to, :write-table-to, :write-table-to, :write-to,
:write-to, :write-view-to, :write-view-to, echoln()
 
:filter-expr expr
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Set the filter expression
Parameter
expr The SQL expression to evaluate for each log message.
The message values can be accessed using column names
prefixed with a colon
See Also
:clear-filter-expr, :filter-in, :filter-out, :hide-lines-after,
:hide-lines-before, :hide-unmarked-lines, :toggle-filtering
Examples
#1 To set a filter expression that matched syslog messages from 'syslogd':
:filter-expr :log_procname = 'syslogd'
 
 
#2 To set a filter expression that matches log messages where 'id' is followed by a
number and contains the string 'foo':
:filter-expr :log_body REGEXP 'id\d+' AND :log_body REGEXP 'foo'
 
 
 
:filter-in pattern
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Only show lines that match the given regular expression in the
current view
Parameter
pattern The regular expression to match
See Also
:delete-filter, :disable-filter, :filter-out, :hide-lines-after,
:hide-lines-before, :hide-unmarked-lines, :toggle-filtering
Example
#1 To filter out log messages that do not have the string 'dhclient':
:filter-in dhclient
 
 
 
:filter-out pattern
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Remove lines that match the given regular expression in the current
view
Parameter
pattern The regular expression to match
See Also
:delete-filter, :disable-filter, :filter-in, :hide-lines-after,
:hide-lines-before, :hide-unmarked-lines, :toggle-filtering
Example
#1 To filter out log messages that contain the string 'last message repeated':
:filter-out last message repeated
 
 
 
:goto line#|N%|timestamp
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Go to the given location in the top view
Parameter
line#|N%|timestamp A line number, percent
into the file, or a timestamp
See Also
:next-location, :next-mark, :prev-location, :prev-mark, :relative-goto
Examples
#1 To go to line 22:
:goto 22
 
 
#2 To go to the line 75% of the way into the view:
:goto 75%
 
 
#3 To go to the first message on the first day of 2017:
:goto 2017-01-01
 
 
 
:help
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Open the help text view
 
 
:hide-fields field-name1 [... field-nameN]
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Hide log message fields by replacing them with an ellipsis
Parameter
field-name The name of the field to hide in the
format for the top log line. A qualified name can be
used where the field name is prefixed by the format
name and a dot to hide any field.
See Also
:enable-word-wrap, :highlight, :show-fields
Examples
#1 To hide the log_procname fields in all formats:
:hide-fields log_procname
 
 
#2 To hide only the log_procname field in the syslog format:
:hide-fields syslog_log.log_procname
 
 
 
:hide-file path
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Hide the given file(s) and skip indexing until it is shown again.
If no path is given, the current file in the view is hidden
Parameter
path A path or glob pattern that specifies the files to
hide
 
 
:hide-lines-after date
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Hide lines that come after the given date
Parameter
date An absolute or relative date
See Also
:filter-in, :filter-out, :hide-lines-before, :hide-unmarked-lines,
:show-lines-before-and-after, :toggle-filtering
Examples
#1 To hide the lines after the top line in the view:
:hide-lines-after here
 
 
#2 To hide the lines after 6 AM today:
:hide-lines-after 6am
 
 
 
:hide-lines-before date
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Hide lines that come before the given date
Parameter
date An absolute or relative date
See Also
:filter-in, :filter-out, :hide-lines-after, :hide-unmarked-lines,
:show-lines-before-and-after, :toggle-filtering
Examples
#1 To hide the lines before the top line in the view:
:hide-lines-before here
 
 
#2 To hide the log messages before 6 AM today:
:hide-lines-before 6am
 
 
 
:hide-unmarked-lines
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Hide lines that have not been bookmarked
See Also
:filter-in, :filter-out, :hide-lines-after, :hide-lines-before, :mark,
:next-mark, :prev-mark, :toggle-filtering
 
:highlight pattern
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Add coloring to log messages fragments that match the given regular
expression
Parameter
pattern The regular expression to match
See Also
:clear-highlight, :enable-word-wrap, :hide-fields
Example
#1 To highlight numbers with three or more digits:
:highlight \d{3,}
 
 
 
:load-session
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Load the latest session state
 
 
:mark
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Toggle the bookmark state for the top line in the current view
See Also
:hide-unmarked-lines, :next-mark, :prev-mark
 
:mark-expr expr
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Set the bookmark expression
Parameter
expr The SQL expression to evaluate for each log message.
The message values can be accessed using column names
prefixed with a colon
See Also
:clear-mark-expr, :hide-unmarked-lines, :mark, :next-mark, :prev-mark
Example
#1 To mark lines from 'dhclient' that mention 'eth0':
:mark-expr :log_procname = 'dhclient' AND :log_body LIKE '%eth0%'
 
 
 
:next-location
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Move to the next position in the location history
See Also
:goto, :next-mark, :prev-location, :prev-mark, :relative-goto
 
:next-mark type1 [... typeN]
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Move to the next bookmark of the given type in the current view
Parameter
type The type of bookmark -- error, warning, search, user,
file, meta
See Also
:goto, :hide-unmarked-lines, :mark, :next-location, :prev-location,
:prev-mark, :prev-mark, :relative-goto
Example
#1 To go to the next error:
:next-mark error
 
 
 
:open path1 [... pathN]
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Open the given file(s) in lnav. Opening files on machines
accessible via SSH can be done using the syntax:
[user@]host:/path/to/logs
Parameter
path The path to the file to open
 
Examples
#1 To open the file '/path/to/file':
:open /path/to/file
 
 
#2 To open the remote file '/var/log/syslog.log':
:open dean@host1.example.com:/var/log/syslog.log
 
 
 
:partition-name name
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Mark the top line in the log view as the start of a new partition
with the given name
Parameter
name The name for the new partition
 
Example
#1 To mark the top line as the start of the partition named 'boot #1':
:partition-name boot #1
 
 
 
:pipe-line-to shell-cmd
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Pipe the top line to the given shell command
Parameter
shell-cmd The shell command-line to execute
See Also
:append-to, :echo, :export-session-to, :pipe-to, :redirect-to,
:write-csv-to, :write-json-to, :write-jsonlines-to, :write-raw-to,
:write-screen-to, :write-table-to, :write-to, :write-view-to, echoln()
Example
#1 To write the top line to 'sed' for processing:
:pipe-line-to sed -e 's/foo/bar/g'
 
 
 
:pipe-to shell-cmd
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Pipe the marked lines to the given shell command
Parameter
shell-cmd The shell command-line to execute
See Also
:append-to, :echo, :export-session-to, :pipe-line-to, :redirect-to,
:write-csv-to, :write-json-to, :write-jsonlines-to, :write-raw-to,
:write-screen-to, :write-table-to, :write-to, :write-view-to, echoln()
Example
#1 To write marked lines to 'sed' for processing:
:pipe-to sed -e s/foo/bar/g
 
 
 
:prev-location
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Move to the previous position in the location history
See Also
:goto, :next-location, :next-mark, :prev-mark, :relative-goto
 
:prev-mark type1 [... typeN]
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Move to the previous bookmark of the given type in the current view
Parameter
type The type of bookmark -- error, warning, search, user,
file, meta
See Also
:goto, :hide-unmarked-lines, :mark, :next-location, :next-mark,
:next-mark, :prev-location, :relative-goto
Example
#1 To go to the previous error:
:prev-mark error
 
 
 
:prompt type [--alt] [prompt] [initial-value]
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Open the given prompt
Parameters
type The type of prompt -- command,
script, search, sql, user
--alt Perform the alternate action for
this prompt by default
prompt The prompt to display
initial-value The initial value to fill in for the
prompt
 
Examples
#1 To open the command prompt with 'filter-in' already filled in:
:prompt command : 'filter-in '
 
 
#2 To ask the user a question:
:prompt user 'Are you sure? '
 
 
 
:quit
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Quit lnav
 
 
:quit
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Quit lnav
 
 
:quit
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Quit lnav
 
 
:redirect-to [path]
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Redirect the output of commands that write to stdout to the given
file
Parameter
path The path to the file to write. If not specified, the
current redirect will be cleared
See Also
:alt-msg, :append-to, :echo, :echo, :eval, :export-session-to,
:export-session-to, :pipe-line-to, :pipe-to, :write-csv-to,
:write-csv-to, :write-json-to, :write-json-to, :write-jsonlines-to,
:write-jsonlines-to, :write-raw-to, :write-raw-to, :write-screen-to,
:write-screen-to, :write-table-to, :write-table-to, :write-to,
:write-to, :write-view-to, :write-view-to, echoln()
Example
#1 To write the output of lnav commands to the file /tmp/script-output.txt:
:redirect-to /tmp/script-output.txt
 
 
 
:redraw
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Do a full redraw of the screen
 
 
:relative-goto line-count|N%
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Move the current view up or down by the given amount
Parameter
line-count|N% The amount to move the view by.
See Also
:goto, :next-location, :next-mark, :prev-location, :prev-mark
Examples
#1 To move 22 lines down in the view:
:relative-goto +22
 
 
#2 To move 10 percent back in the view:
:relative-goto -10%
 
 
 
:reset-config option
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Reset the configuration option to its default value
Parameter
option The path to the option to reset
See Also
:config
Example
#1 To reset the '/ui/clock-format' option back to the builtin default:
:reset-config /ui/clock-format
 
 
 
:reset-session
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Reset the session state, clearing all filters, highlights, and
bookmarks
 
 
:save-session
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Save the current state as a session
 
 
:session lnav-command
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Add the given command to the session file (~/.lnav/session)
Parameter
lnav-command The lnav command to save.
 
Example
#1 To add the command ':highlight foobar' to the session file:
:session :highlight foobar
 
 
 
:set-min-log-level log-level
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Set the minimum log level to display in the log view
Parameter
log-level The new minimum log level
 
Example
#1 To set the minimum log level displayed to error:
:set-min-log-level error
 
 
 
:show-fields field-name1 [... field-nameN]
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Show log message fields that were previously hidden
Parameter
field-name The name of the field to show
See Also
:enable-word-wrap, :hide-fields, :highlight
Example
#1 To show all the log_procname fields in all formats:
:show-fields log_procname
 
 
 
:show-file path
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Show the given file(s) and resume indexing.
Parameter
path The path or glob pattern that specifies the files to
show
 
 
:show-lines-before-and-after
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Show lines that were hidden by the 'hide-lines' commands
See Also
:filter-in, :filter-out, :hide-lines-after, :hide-lines-before,
:hide-unmarked-lines, :toggle-filtering
 
:show-only-this-file
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Show only the file for the top line in the view
 
 
:show-unmarked-lines
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Show lines that have not been bookmarked
See Also
:filter-in, :filter-out, :hide-lines-after, :hide-lines-before,
:hide-unmarked-lines, :hide-unmarked-lines, :mark, :next-mark,
:prev-mark, :toggle-filtering
 
:spectrogram field-name
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Visualize the given message field or database column using a
spectrogram
Parameter
field-name The name of the numeric field to
visualize.
 
Example
#1 To visualize the sc_bytes field in the access_log format:
:spectrogram sc_bytes
 
 
 
:summarize column-name
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Execute a SQL query that computes the characteristics of the values
in the given column
Parameter
column-name The name of the column to analyze.
 
Example
#1 To get a summary of the sc_bytes column in the access_log table:
:summarize sc_bytes
 
 
 
:switch-to-view view-name
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Switch to the given view
Parameter
view-name The name of the view to switch to.
 
Example
#1 To switch to the 'schema' view:
:switch-to-view schema
 
 
 
:tag tag1 [... tagN]
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Attach tags to the top log line
Parameter
tag The tags to attach
See Also
:comment, :delete-tags, :untag
Example
#1 To add the tags '#BUG123' and '#needs-review' to the top line:
:tag #BUG123 #needs-review
 
 
 
:toggle-filtering
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Toggle the filtering flag for the current view
See Also
:filter-in, :filter-out, :hide-lines-after, :hide-lines-before,
:hide-unmarked-lines
 
:toggle-view view-name
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Switch to the given view or, if it is already displayed, switch to
the previous view
Parameter
view-name The name of the view to toggle the display
of.
 
Example
#1 To switch to the 'schema' view if it is not displayed or switch back to the previous
view:
:toggle-view schema
 
 
 
:unix-time seconds
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Convert epoch time to a human-readable form
Parameter
seconds The epoch timestamp to convert
 
Example
#1 To convert the epoch time 1490191111:
:unix-time 1490191111
 
 
 
:untag tag1 [... tagN]
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Detach tags from the top log line
Parameter
tag The tags to detach
See Also
:comment, :tag
Example
#1 To remove the tags '#BUG123' and '#needs-review' from the top line:
:untag #BUG123 #needs-review
 
 
 
:write-table-to path
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Write SQL results to the given file in a tabular format
Parameter
path The path to the file to write
See Also
:alt-msg, :append-to, :create-logline-table, :create-search-table,
:echo, :echo, :eval, :export-session-to, :export-session-to,
:pipe-line-to, :pipe-to, :redirect-to, :redirect-to, :write-csv-to,
:write-csv-to, :write-csv-to, :write-json-to, :write-json-to,
:write-json-to, :write-jsonlines-to, :write-jsonlines-to,
:write-jsonlines-to, :write-raw-to, :write-raw-to, :write-raw-to,
:write-screen-to, :write-screen-to, :write-screen-to, :write-to,
:write-to, :write-view-to, :write-view-to, :write-view-to, echoln()
Example
#1 To write SQL results as text to /tmp/table.txt:
:write-table-to /tmp/table.txt
 
 
 
:write-csv-to path
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Write SQL results to the given file in CSV format
Parameter
path The path to the file to write
See Also
:alt-msg, :append-to, :create-logline-table, :create-search-table,
:echo, :echo, :eval, :export-session-to, :export-session-to,
:pipe-line-to, :pipe-to, :redirect-to, :redirect-to, :write-json-to,
:write-json-to, :write-json-to, :write-jsonlines-to,
:write-jsonlines-to, :write-jsonlines-to, :write-raw-to, :write-raw-to,
:write-raw-to, :write-screen-to, :write-screen-to, :write-screen-to,
:write-table-to, :write-table-to, :write-table-to, :write-to,
:write-to, :write-view-to, :write-view-to, :write-view-to, echoln()
Example
#1 To write SQL results as CSV to /tmp/table.csv:
:write-csv-to /tmp/table.csv
 
 
 
:write-json-to path
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Write SQL results to the given file in JSON format
Parameter
path The path to the file to write
See Also
:alt-msg, :append-to, :create-logline-table, :create-search-table,
:echo, :echo, :eval, :export-session-to, :export-session-to,
:pipe-line-to, :pipe-to, :redirect-to, :redirect-to, :write-csv-to,
:write-csv-to, :write-csv-to, :write-jsonlines-to, :write-jsonlines-to,
:write-jsonlines-to, :write-raw-to, :write-raw-to, :write-raw-to,
:write-screen-to, :write-screen-to, :write-screen-to, :write-table-to,
:write-table-to, :write-table-to, :write-to, :write-to, :write-view-to,
:write-view-to, :write-view-to, echoln()
Example
#1 To write SQL results as JSON to /tmp/table.json:
:write-json-to /tmp/table.json
 
 
 
:write-jsonlines-to path
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Write SQL results to the given file in JSON Lines format
Parameter
path The path to the file to write
See Also
:alt-msg, :append-to, :create-logline-table, :create-search-table,
:echo, :echo, :eval, :export-session-to, :export-session-to,
:pipe-line-to, :pipe-to, :redirect-to, :redirect-to, :write-csv-to,
:write-csv-to, :write-csv-to, :write-json-to, :write-json-to,
:write-json-to, :write-raw-to, :write-raw-to, :write-raw-to,
:write-screen-to, :write-screen-to, :write-screen-to, :write-table-to,
:write-table-to, :write-table-to, :write-to, :write-to, :write-view-to,
:write-view-to, :write-view-to, echoln()
Example
#1 To write SQL results as JSON Lines to /tmp/table.json:
:write-jsonlines-to /tmp/table.json
 
 
 
:write-raw-to [--view={log,db}] path
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
In the log view, write the original log file content of the marked
messages to the file. In the DB view, the contents of the cells are
written to the output file.
Parameters
--view={log,db} The view to use as the source of
data
path The path to the file to write
See Also
:alt-msg, :append-to, :create-logline-table, :create-search-table,
:echo, :echo, :eval, :export-session-to, :export-session-to,
:pipe-line-to, :pipe-to, :redirect-to, :redirect-to, :write-csv-to,
:write-csv-to, :write-csv-to, :write-json-to, :write-json-to,
:write-json-to, :write-jsonlines-to, :write-jsonlines-to,
:write-jsonlines-to, :write-screen-to, :write-screen-to,
:write-screen-to, :write-table-to, :write-table-to, :write-table-to,
:write-to, :write-to, :write-view-to, :write-view-to, :write-view-to,
echoln()
Example
#1 To write the marked lines in the log view to /tmp/table.txt:
:write-raw-to /tmp/table.txt
 
 
 
:write-screen-to path
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Write the displayed text or SQL results to the given file without
any formatting
Parameter
path The path to the file to write
See Also
:alt-msg, :append-to, :create-logline-table, :create-search-table,
:echo, :echo, :eval, :export-session-to, :export-session-to,
:pipe-line-to, :pipe-to, :redirect-to, :redirect-to, :write-csv-to,
:write-csv-to, :write-csv-to, :write-json-to, :write-json-to,
:write-json-to, :write-jsonlines-to, :write-jsonlines-to,
:write-jsonlines-to, :write-raw-to, :write-raw-to, :write-raw-to,
:write-table-to, :write-table-to, :write-table-to, :write-to,
:write-to, :write-view-to, :write-view-to, :write-view-to, echoln()
Example
#1 To write only the displayed text to /tmp/table.txt:
:write-screen-to /tmp/table.txt
 
 
 
:write-table-to path
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Write SQL results to the given file in a tabular format
Parameter
path The path to the file to write
See Also
:alt-msg, :append-to, :create-logline-table, :create-search-table,
:echo, :echo, :eval, :export-session-to, :export-session-to,
:pipe-line-to, :pipe-to, :redirect-to, :redirect-to, :write-csv-to,
:write-csv-to, :write-csv-to, :write-json-to, :write-json-to,
:write-json-to, :write-jsonlines-to, :write-jsonlines-to,
:write-jsonlines-to, :write-raw-to, :write-raw-to, :write-raw-to,
:write-screen-to, :write-screen-to, :write-screen-to, :write-to,
:write-to, :write-view-to, :write-view-to, :write-view-to, echoln()
Example
#1 To write SQL results as text to /tmp/table.txt:
:write-table-to /tmp/table.txt
 
 
 
:write-to path
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Overwrite the given file with any marked lines in the current view
Parameter
path The path to the file to write
See Also
:alt-msg, :append-to, :echo, :echo, :eval, :export-session-to,
:export-session-to, :pipe-line-to, :pipe-to, :redirect-to,
:redirect-to, :write-csv-to, :write-csv-to, :write-json-to,
:write-json-to, :write-jsonlines-to, :write-jsonlines-to,
:write-raw-to, :write-raw-to, :write-screen-to, :write-screen-to,
:write-table-to, :write-table-to, :write-view-to, :write-view-to,
echoln()
Example
#1 To write marked lines to the file /tmp/interesting-lines.txt:
:write-to /tmp/interesting-lines.txt
 
 
 
:write-view-to path
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Write the text in the top view to the given file without any
formatting
Parameter
path The path to the file to write
See Also
:alt-msg, :append-to, :create-logline-table, :create-search-table,
:echo, :echo, :eval, :export-session-to, :export-session-to,
:pipe-line-to, :pipe-to, :redirect-to, :redirect-to, :write-csv-to,
:write-csv-to, :write-csv-to, :write-json-to, :write-json-to,
:write-json-to, :write-jsonlines-to, :write-jsonlines-to,
:write-jsonlines-to, :write-raw-to, :write-raw-to, :write-raw-to,
:write-screen-to, :write-screen-to, :write-screen-to, :write-table-to,
:write-table-to, :write-table-to, :write-to, :write-to, echoln()
Example
#1 To write the top view to /tmp/table.txt:
:write-view-to /tmp/table.txt
 
 
 
:zoom-to zoom-level
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Zoom the histogram view to the given level
Parameter
zoom-level The zoom level
 
Example
#1 To set the zoom level to '1-week':
:zoom-to 1-week
 
 
SQL Reference
 
CAST(expr AS type-name)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Convert the value of the given expression to a different storage
class specified by type-name.
Parameters
expr The value to convert.
type-name The name of the type to convert to.
 
Example
#1 To cast the value 1.23 as an integer:
;SELECT CAST(1.23 AS INTEGER)
 
 
 
OVER([base-window-name] PARTITION BY expr, ... ORDER BY expr, ...,
[frame-spec])
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Executes the preceding function over a window
Parameters
base-window-name The name of the window
definition
expr The values to use for
partitioning
expr The values used to order the
rows in the window
frame-spec Determines which output rows
are read by an aggregate window function
 
 
abs(x)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Return the absolute value of the argument
Parameter
x The number to convert
See Also
acos(), acosh(), asin(), asinh(), atan(), atan2(), atanh(), atn2(),
avg(), ceil(), degrees(), exp(), floor(), log(), log10(), max(), min(),
pi(), power(), radians(), round(), sign(), square(), sum(), total()
Example
#1 To get the absolute value of -1:
;SELECT abs(-1)
 
 
 
acos(num)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns the arccosine of a number, in radians
Parameter
num A cosine value that is between -1 and 1
See Also
abs(), acosh(), asin(), asinh(), atan(), atan2(), atanh(), atn2(),
avg(), ceil(), degrees(), exp(), floor(), log(), log10(), max(), min(),
pi(), power(), radians(), round(), sign(), square(), sum(), total()
Example
#1 To get the arccosine of 0.2:
;SELECT acos(0.2)
 
 
 
acosh(num)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns the hyperbolic arccosine of a number
Parameter
num A number that is one or more
See Also
abs(), acos(), asin(), asinh(), atan(), atan2(), atanh(), atn2(),
avg(), ceil(), degrees(), exp(), floor(), log(), log10(), max(), min(),
pi(), power(), radians(), round(), sign(), square(), sum(), total()
Example
#1 To get the hyperbolic arccosine of 1.2:
;SELECT acosh(1.2)
 
 
 
asin(num)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns the arcsine of a number, in radians
Parameter
num A sine value that is between -1 and 1
See Also
abs(), acos(), acosh(), asinh(), atan(), atan2(), atanh(), atn2(),
avg(), ceil(), degrees(), exp(), floor(), log(), log10(), max(), min(),
pi(), power(), radians(), round(), sign(), square(), sum(), total()
Example
#1 To get the arcsine of 0.2:
;SELECT asin(0.2)
 
 
 
asinh(num)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns the hyperbolic arcsine of a number
Parameter
num The number
See Also
abs(), acos(), acosh(), asin(), atan(), atan2(), atanh(), atn2(),
avg(), ceil(), degrees(), exp(), floor(), log(), log10(), max(), min(),
pi(), power(), radians(), round(), sign(), square(), sum(), total()
Example
#1 To get the hyperbolic arcsine of 0.2:
;SELECT asinh(0.2)
 
 
 
atan(num)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns the arctangent of a number, in radians
Parameter
num The number
See Also
abs(), acos(), acosh(), asin(), asinh(), atan2(), atanh(), atn2(),
avg(), ceil(), degrees(), exp(), floor(), log(), log10(), max(), min(),
pi(), power(), radians(), round(), sign(), square(), sum(), total()
Example
#1 To get the arctangent of 0.2:
;SELECT atan(0.2)
 
 
 
atan2(y, x)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns the angle in the plane between the positive X axis and the
ray from (0, 0) to the point (x, y)
Parameters
y The y coordinate of the point
x The x coordinate of the point
See Also
abs(), acos(), acosh(), asin(), asinh(), atan(), atanh(), atn2(),
avg(), ceil(), degrees(), exp(), floor(), log(), log10(), max(), min(),
pi(), power(), radians(), round(), sign(), square(), sum(), total()
Example
#1 To get the angle, in degrees, for the point at (5, 5):
;SELECT degrees(atan2(5, 5))
 
 
 
atanh(num)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns the hyperbolic arctangent of a number
Parameter
num The number
See Also
abs(), acos(), acosh(), asin(), asinh(), atan(), atan2(), atn2(),
avg(), ceil(), degrees(), exp(), floor(), log(), log10(), max(), min(),
pi(), power(), radians(), round(), sign(), square(), sum(), total()
Example
#1 To get the hyperbolic arctangent of 0.2:
;SELECT atanh(0.2)
 
 
 
atn2(y, x)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns the angle in the plane between the positive X axis and the
ray from (0, 0) to the point (x, y)
Parameters
y The y coordinate of the point
x The x coordinate of the point
See Also
abs(), acos(), acosh(), asin(), asinh(), atan(), atan2(), atanh(),
avg(), ceil(), degrees(), exp(), floor(), log(), log10(), max(), min(),
pi(), power(), radians(), round(), sign(), square(), sum(), total()
Example
#1 To get the angle, in degrees, for the point at (5, 5):
;SELECT degrees(atn2(5, 5))
 
 
 
avg(X)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns the average value of all non-NULL numbers within a group.
Parameter
X The value to compute the average of.
See Also
abs(), acos(), acosh(), asin(), asinh(), atan(), atan2(), atanh(),
atn2(), ceil(), degrees(), exp(), floor(), log(), log10(), max(),
min(), pi(), power(), radians(), round(), sign(), square(), sum(),
total()
Examples
#1 To get the average of the column 'ex_duration' from the table 'lnav_example_log':
;SELECT avg(ex_duration) FROM lnav_example_log
 
 
#2 To get the average of the column 'ex_duration' from the table 'lnav_example_log'
when grouped by 'ex_procname':
;SELECT ex_procname, avg(ex_duration) FROM lnav_example_log GROUP BY ex_procname
 
 
 
basename(path)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Extract the base portion of a pathname.
Parameter
path The path
See Also
dirname(), joinpath(), readlink(), realpath()
Examples
#1 To get the base of a plain file name:
;SELECT basename('foobar')
 
 
#2 To get the base of a path:
;SELECT basename('foo/bar')
 
 
#3 To get the base of a directory:
;SELECT basename('foo/bar/')
 
 
#4 To get the base of an empty string:
;SELECT basename('')
 
 
#5 To get the base of a Windows path:
;SELECT basename('foo\bar')
 
 
#6 To get the base of the root directory:
;SELECT basename('/')
 
 
 
ceil(num)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns the smallest integer that is not less than the argument
Parameter
num The number to raise to the ceiling
See Also
abs(), acos(), acosh(), asin(), asinh(), atan(), atan2(), atanh(),
atn2(), avg(), degrees(), exp(), floor(), log(), log10(), max(), min(),
pi(), power(), radians(), round(), sign(), square(), sum(), total()
Example
#1 To get the ceiling of 1.23:
;SELECT ceil(1.23)
 
 
 
changes()
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
The number of database rows that were changed, inserted, or deleted
by the most recent statement.
 
 
char(X, ...)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns a string composed of characters having the given unicode
code point values
Parameter
X The unicode code point values
See Also
charindex(), decode(), encode(), endswith(), extract(), group_concat(),
group_spooky_hash(), gunzip(), gzip(), humanize_duration(),
humanize_file_size(), instr(), leftstr(), length(), logfmt2json(),
lower(), ltrim(), padc(), padl(), padr(), printf(), proper(),
regexp_capture(), regexp_capture_into_json(), regexp_match(),
regexp_replace(), replace(), replicate(), reverse(), rightstr(),
rtrim(), sparkline(), spooky_hash(), startswith(), strfilter(),
substr(), trim(), unicode(), upper(), xpath()
Example
#1 To get a string with the code points 0x48 and 0x49:
;SELECT char(0x48, 0x49)
 
 
 
charindex(needle, haystack, [start])
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Finds the first occurrence of the needle within the haystack and
returns the number of prior characters plus 1, or 0 if Y is nowhere
found within X
Parameters
needle The string to look for in the haystack
haystack The string to search within
start The one-based index within the haystack to
start the search
See Also
char(), decode(), encode(), endswith(), extract(), group_concat(),
group_spooky_hash(), gunzip(), gzip(), humanize_duration(),
humanize_file_size(), instr(), leftstr(), length(), logfmt2json(),
lower(), ltrim(), padc(), padl(), padr(), printf(), proper(),
regexp_capture(), regexp_capture_into_json(), regexp_match(),
regexp_replace(), replace(), replicate(), reverse(), rightstr(),
rtrim(), sparkline(), spooky_hash(), startswith(), strfilter(),
substr(), trim(), unicode(), upper(), xpath()
Examples
#1 To search for the string 'abc' within 'abcabc' and starting at position 2:
;SELECT charindex('abc', 'abcabc', 2)
 
 
#2 To search for the string 'abc' within 'abcdef' and starting at position 2:
;SELECT charindex('abc', 'abcdef', 2)
 
 
 
coalesce(X, Y, ...)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns a copy of its first non-NULL argument, or NULL if all
arguments are NULL
Parameters
X A value to check for NULL-ness
Y A value to check for NULL-ness
 
Example
#1 To get the first non-null value from three parameters:
;SELECT coalesce(null, 0, null)
 
 
 
count(X)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
If the argument is '*', the total number of rows in the group is
returned. Otherwise, the number of times the argument is non-NULL.
Parameter
X The value to count.
 
Examples
#1 To get the count of the non-NULL rows of 'lnav_example_log':
;SELECT count(*) FROM lnav_example_log
 
 
#2 To get the count of the non-NULL values of 'log_part' from 'lnav_example_log':
;SELECT count(log_part) FROM lnav_example_log
 
 
 
cume_dist()
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns the cumulative distribution
See Also
dense_rank(), first_value(), lag(), last_value(), lead(), nth_value(),
ntile(), percent_rank(), rank(), row_number()
 
date(timestring, modifier, ...)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns the date in this format: YYYY-MM-DD.
Parameters
timestring The string to convert to a date.
modifier A transformation that is applied to the
value to the left.
See Also
datetime(), humanize_duration(), julianday(), strftime(), time(),
timediff(), timeslice()
Examples
#1 To get the date portion of the timestamp '2017-01-02T03:04:05':
;SELECT date('2017-01-02T03:04:05')
 
 
#2 To get the date portion of the timestamp '2017-01-02T03:04:05' plus one day:
;SELECT date('2017-01-02T03:04:05', '+1 day')
 
 
#3 To get the date portion of the epoch timestamp 1491341842:
;SELECT date(1491341842, 'unixepoch')
 
 
 
datetime(timestring, modifier, ...)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns the date and time in this format: YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS.
Parameters
timestring The string to convert to a date with time.
modifier A transformation that is applied to the
value to the left.
See Also
date(), humanize_duration(), julianday(), strftime(), time(),
timediff(), timeslice()
Examples
#1 To get the date and time portion of the timestamp '2017-01-02T03:04:05':
;SELECT datetime('2017-01-02T03:04:05')
 
 
#2 To get the date and time portion of the timestamp '2017-01-02T03:04:05' plus one
minute:
;SELECT datetime('2017-01-02T03:04:05', '+1 minute')
 
 
#3 To get the date and time portion of the epoch timestamp 1491341842:
;SELECT datetime(1491341842, 'unixepoch')
 
 
 
decode(value, algorithm)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Decode the value using the given algorithm
Parameters
value The value to decode
algorithm One of the following encoding algorithms:
base64, hex, uri
See Also
char(), charindex(), encode(), endswith(), extract(), group_concat(),
group_spooky_hash(), gunzip(), gzip(), humanize_duration(),
humanize_file_size(), instr(), leftstr(), length(), logfmt2json(),
lower(), ltrim(), padc(), padl(), padr(), printf(), proper(),
regexp_capture(), regexp_capture_into_json(), regexp_match(),
regexp_replace(), replace(), replicate(), reverse(), rightstr(),
rtrim(), sparkline(), spooky_hash(), startswith(), strfilter(),
substr(), trim(), unicode(), upper(), xpath()
Example
#1 To decode the URI-encoded string '%63%75%72%6c':
;SELECT decode('%63%75%72%6c', 'uri')
 
 
 
degrees(radians)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Converts radians to degrees
Parameter
radians The radians value to convert to degrees
See Also
abs(), acos(), acosh(), asin(), asinh(), atan(), atan2(), atanh(),
atn2(), avg(), ceil(), exp(), floor(), log(), log10(), max(), min(),
pi(), power(), radians(), round(), sign(), square(), sum(), total()
Example
#1 To convert PI to degrees:
;SELECT degrees(pi())
 
 
 
dense_rank()
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns the row_number() of the first peer in each group without
gaps
See Also
cume_dist(), first_value(), lag(), last_value(), lead(), nth_value(),
ntile(), percent_rank(), rank(), row_number()
 
dirname(path)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Extract the directory portion of a pathname.
Parameter
path The path
See Also
basename(), joinpath(), readlink(), realpath()
Examples
#1 To get the directory of a relative file path:
;SELECT dirname('foo/bar')
 
 
#2 To get the directory of an absolute file path:
;SELECT dirname('/foo/bar')
 
 
#3 To get the directory of a file in the root directory:
;SELECT dirname('/bar')
 
 
#4 To get the directory of a Windows path:
;SELECT dirname('foo\bar')
 
 
#5 To get the directory of an empty path:
;SELECT dirname('')
 
 
 
echoln(value)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Echo the argument to the current output file and return it
Parameter
value The value to write to the current output file
See Also
:append-to, :echo, :export-session-to, :pipe-line-to, :pipe-to,
:redirect-to, :write-csv-to, :write-json-to, :write-jsonlines-to,
:write-raw-to, :write-screen-to, :write-table-to, :write-to,
:write-view-to
 
encode(value, algorithm)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Encode the value using the given algorithm
Parameters
value The value to encode
algorithm One of the following encoding algorithms:
base64, hex, uri
See Also
char(), charindex(), decode(), endswith(), extract(), group_concat(),
group_spooky_hash(), gunzip(), gzip(), humanize_duration(),
humanize_file_size(), instr(), leftstr(), length(), logfmt2json(),
lower(), ltrim(), padc(), padl(), padr(), printf(), proper(),
regexp_capture(), regexp_capture_into_json(), regexp_match(),
regexp_replace(), replace(), replicate(), reverse(), rightstr(),
rtrim(), sparkline(), spooky_hash(), startswith(), strfilter(),
substr(), trim(), unicode(), upper(), xpath()
Examples
#1 To base64-encode 'Hello, World!':
;SELECT encode('Hello, World!', 'base64')
 
 
#2 To hex-encode 'Hello, World!':
;SELECT encode('Hello, World!', 'hex')
 
 
#3 To URI-encode 'Hello, World!':
;SELECT encode('Hello, World!', 'uri')
 
 
 
endswith(str, suffix)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Test if a string ends with the given suffix
Parameters
str The string to test
suffix The suffix to check in the string
See Also
char(), charindex(), decode(), encode(), extract(), group_concat(),
group_spooky_hash(), gunzip(), gzip(), humanize_duration(),
humanize_file_size(), instr(), leftstr(), length(), logfmt2json(),
lower(), ltrim(), padc(), padl(), padr(), printf(), proper(),
regexp_capture(), regexp_capture_into_json(), regexp_match(),
regexp_replace(), replace(), replicate(), reverse(), rightstr(),
rtrim(), sparkline(), spooky_hash(), startswith(), strfilter(),
substr(), trim(), unicode(), upper(), xpath()
Examples
#1 To test if the string 'notbad.jpg' ends with '.jpg':
;SELECT endswith('notbad.jpg', '.jpg')
 
 
#2 To test if the string 'notbad.png' starts with '.jpg':
;SELECT endswith('notbad.png', '.jpg')
 
 
 
exp(x)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns the value of e raised to the power of x
Parameter
x The exponent
See Also
abs(), acos(), acosh(), asin(), asinh(), atan(), atan2(), atanh(),
atn2(), avg(), ceil(), degrees(), floor(), log(), log10(), max(),
min(), pi(), power(), radians(), round(), sign(), square(), sum(),
total()
Example
#1 To raise e to 2:
;SELECT exp(2)
 
 
 
extract(str)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Automatically Parse and extract data from a string
Parameter
str The string to parse
See Also
char(), charindex(), decode(), encode(), endswith(), group_concat(),
group_spooky_hash(), gunzip(), gzip(), humanize_duration(),
humanize_file_size(), instr(), leftstr(), length(), logfmt2json(),
lower(), ltrim(), padc(), padl(), padr(), printf(), proper(),
regexp_capture(), regexp_capture_into_json(), regexp_match(),
regexp_replace(), replace(), replicate(), reverse(), rightstr(),
rtrim(), sparkline(), spooky_hash(), startswith(), strfilter(),
substr(), trim(), unicode(), upper(), xpath()
Examples
#1 To extract key/value pairs from a string:
;SELECT extract('foo=1 bar=2 name="Rolo Tomassi"')
 
 
#2 To extract columnar data from a string:
;SELECT extract('1.0 abc 2.0')
 
 
 
first_value(expr)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns the result of evaluating the expression against the first
row in the window frame.
Parameter
expr The expression to execute over the first row
See Also
cume_dist(), dense_rank(), lag(), last_value(), lead(), nth_value(),
ntile(), percent_rank(), rank(), row_number()
 
floor(num)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns the largest integer that is not greater than the argument
Parameter
num The number to lower to the floor
See Also
abs(), acos(), acosh(), asin(), asinh(), atan(), atan2(), atanh(),
atn2(), avg(), ceil(), degrees(), exp(), log(), log10(), max(), min(),
pi(), power(), radians(), round(), sign(), square(), sum(), total()
Example
#1 To get the floor of 1.23:
;SELECT floor(1.23)
 
 
 
generate_series(start, stop, [step])
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
A table-valued-function that returns the whole numbers between a
lower and upper bound, inclusive
Parameters
start The starting point of the series
stop The stopping point of the series
step The increment between each value
Result
value The number in the series
 
Examples
#1 To generate the numbers in the range [10, 14]:
;SELECT value FROM generate_series(10, 14)
 
 
#2 To generate every other number in the range [10, 14]:
;SELECT value FROM generate_series(10, 14, 2)
 
 
#3 To count down from five to 1:
;SELECT value FROM generate_series(1, 5, -1)
 
 
 
gethostbyaddr(hostname)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Get the hostname for the given IP address
Parameter
hostname The IP address to lookup.
See Also
gethostbyname()
Example
#1 To get the hostname for the IP '127.0.0.1':
;SELECT gethostbyaddr('127.0.0.1')
 
 
 
gethostbyname(hostname)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Get the IP address for the given hostname
Parameter
hostname The DNS hostname to lookup.
See Also
gethostbyaddr()
Example
#1 To get the IP address for 'localhost':
;SELECT gethostbyname('localhost')
 
 
 
glob(pattern, str)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Match a string against Unix glob pattern
Parameters
pattern The glob pattern
str The string to match
 
Example
#1 To test if the string 'abc' matches the glob 'a*':
;SELECT glob('a*', 'abc')
 
 
 
group_concat(X, [sep])
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns a string which is the concatenation of all non-NULL values
of X separated by a comma or the given separator.
Parameters
X The value to concatenate.
sep The separator to place between the values.
See Also
char(), charindex(), decode(), encode(), endswith(), extract(),
group_spooky_hash(), gunzip(), gzip(), humanize_duration(),
humanize_file_size(), instr(), leftstr(), length(), logfmt2json(),
lower(), ltrim(), padc(), padl(), padr(), printf(), proper(),
regexp_capture(), regexp_capture_into_json(), regexp_match(),
regexp_replace(), replace(), replicate(), reverse(), rightstr(),
rtrim(), sparkline(), spooky_hash(), startswith(), strfilter(),
substr(), trim(), unicode(), upper(), xpath()
Examples
#1 To concatenate the values of the column 'ex_procname' from the table
'lnav_example_log':
;SELECT group_concat(ex_procname) FROM lnav_example_log
 
 
#2 To join the values of the column 'ex_procname' using the string ', ':
;SELECT group_concat(ex_procname, ', ') FROM lnav_example_log
 
 
#3 To concatenate the distinct values of the column 'ex_procname' from the table
'lnav_example_log':
;SELECT group_concat(DISTINCT ex_procname) FROM lnav_example_log
 
 
 
group_spooky_hash(str, ...)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Compute the hash value for the given arguments
Parameter
str The string to hash
See Also
char(), charindex(), decode(), encode(), endswith(), extract(),
group_concat(), gunzip(), gzip(), humanize_duration(),
humanize_file_size(), instr(), leftstr(), length(), logfmt2json(),
lower(), ltrim(), padc(), padl(), padr(), printf(), proper(),
regexp_capture(), regexp_capture_into_json(), regexp_match(),
regexp_replace(), replace(), replicate(), reverse(), rightstr(),
rtrim(), sparkline(), spooky_hash(), startswith(), strfilter(),
substr(), trim(), unicode(), upper(), xpath()
Example
#1 To produce a hash of all of the values of 'column1':
;SELECT group_spooky_hash(column1) FROM (VALUES ('abc'), ('123'))
 
 
 
gunzip(b, ...)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Decompress a gzip file
Parameter
b The blob to decompress
See Also
char(), charindex(), decode(), encode(), endswith(), extract(),
group_concat(), group_spooky_hash(), gzip(), humanize_duration(),
humanize_file_size(), instr(), leftstr(), length(), logfmt2json(),
lower(), ltrim(), padc(), padl(), padr(), printf(), proper(),
regexp_capture(), regexp_capture_into_json(), regexp_match(),
regexp_replace(), replace(), replicate(), reverse(), rightstr(),
rtrim(), sparkline(), spooky_hash(), startswith(), strfilter(),
substr(), trim(), unicode(), upper(), xpath()
 
gzip(value, ...)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Compress a string into a gzip file
Parameter
value The value to compress
See Also
char(), charindex(), decode(), encode(), endswith(), extract(),
group_concat(), group_spooky_hash(), gunzip(), humanize_duration(),
humanize_file_size(), instr(), leftstr(), length(), logfmt2json(),
lower(), ltrim(), padc(), padl(), padr(), printf(), proper(),
regexp_capture(), regexp_capture_into_json(), regexp_match(),
regexp_replace(), replace(), replicate(), reverse(), rightstr(),
rtrim(), sparkline(), spooky_hash(), startswith(), strfilter(),
substr(), trim(), unicode(), upper(), xpath()
 
hex(X)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns a string which is the upper-case hexadecimal rendering of
the content of its argument.
Parameter
X The blob to convert to hexadecimal
 
Example
#1 To get the hexadecimal rendering of the string 'abc':
;SELECT hex('abc')
 
 
 
humanize_duration(secs)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Format the given seconds value as an abbreviated duration string
Parameter
secs The duration in seconds
See Also
char(), charindex(), date(), datetime(), decode(), encode(),
endswith(), extract(), group_concat(), group_spooky_hash(), gunzip(),
gzip(), humanize_file_size(), instr(), julianday(), leftstr(),
length(), logfmt2json(), lower(), ltrim(), padc(), padl(), padr(),
printf(), proper(), regexp_capture(), regexp_capture_into_json(),
regexp_match(), regexp_replace(), replace(), replicate(), reverse(),
rightstr(), rtrim(), sparkline(), spooky_hash(), startswith(),
strfilter(), strftime(), substr(), time(), timediff(), timeslice(),
trim(), unicode(), upper(), xpath()
Examples
#1 To format a duration:
;SELECT humanize_duration(15 * 60)
 
 
#2 To format a sub-second value:
;SELECT humanize_duration(1.5)
 
 
 
humanize_file_size(value)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Format the given file size as a human-friendly string
Parameter
value The file size to format
See Also
char(), charindex(), decode(), encode(), endswith(), extract(),
group_concat(), group_spooky_hash(), gunzip(), gzip(),
humanize_duration(), instr(), leftstr(), length(), logfmt2json(),
lower(), ltrim(), padc(), padl(), padr(), printf(), proper(),
regexp_capture(), regexp_capture_into_json(), regexp_match(),
regexp_replace(), replace(), replicate(), reverse(), rightstr(),
rtrim(), sparkline(), spooky_hash(), startswith(), strfilter(),
substr(), trim(), unicode(), upper(), xpath()
Example
#1 To format an amount:
;SELECT humanize_file_size(10 * 1024 * 1024)
 
 
 
ifnull(X, Y)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns a copy of its first non-NULL argument, or NULL if both
arguments are NULL
Parameters
X A value to check for NULL-ness
Y A value to check for NULL-ness
 
Example
#1 To get the first non-null value between null and zero:
;SELECT ifnull(null, 0)
 
 
 
instr(haystack, needle)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Finds the first occurrence of the needle within the haystack and
returns the number of prior characters plus 1, or 0 if the needle
was not found
Parameters
haystack The string to search within
needle The string to look for in the haystack
See Also
char(), charindex(), decode(), encode(), endswith(), extract(),
group_concat(), group_spooky_hash(), gunzip(), gzip(),
humanize_duration(), humanize_file_size(), leftstr(), length(),
logfmt2json(), lower(), ltrim(), padc(), padl(), padr(), printf(),
proper(), regexp_capture(), regexp_capture_into_json(), regexp_match(),
regexp_replace(), replace(), replicate(), reverse(), rightstr(),
rtrim(), sparkline(), spooky_hash(), startswith(), strfilter(),
substr(), trim(), unicode(), upper(), xpath()
Example
#1 To test get the position of 'b' in the string 'abc':
;SELECT instr('abc', 'b')
 
 
 
jget(json, ptr, [default])
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Get the value from a JSON object using a JSON-Pointer.
Parameters
json The JSON object to query.
ptr The JSON-Pointer to lookup in the object.
default The default value if the value was not found
See Also
json_concat(), json_contains(), json_group_array(),
json_group_object()
Examples
#1 To get the root of a JSON value:
;SELECT jget('1', '')
 
 
#2 To get the property named 'b' in a JSON object:
;SELECT jget('{ "a": 1, "b": 2 }', '/b')
 
 
#3 To get the 'msg' property and return a default if it does not exist:
;SELECT jget(null, '/msg', 'Hello')
 
 
 
joinpath(path, ...)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Join components of a path together.
Parameter
path One or more path components to join together. If an
argument starts with a forward or backward slash, it will be
considered an absolute path and any preceding elements will
be ignored.
See Also
basename(), dirname(), readlink(), realpath()
Examples
#1 To join a directory and file name into a relative path:
;SELECT joinpath('foo', 'bar')
 
 
#2 To join an empty component with other names into a relative path:
;SELECT joinpath('', 'foo', 'bar')
 
 
#3 To create an absolute path with two path components:
;SELECT joinpath('/', 'foo', 'bar')
 
 
#4 To create an absolute path from a path component that starts with a forward slash:
;SELECT joinpath('/', 'foo', '/bar')
 
 
 
json_concat(json, value, ...)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns an array with the given values concatenated onto the end.
If the initial value is null, the result will be an array with the
given elements. If the initial value is an array, the result will
be an array with the given values at the end. If the initial value
is not null or an array, the result will be an array with two
elements: the initial value and the given value.
Parameters
json The initial JSON value.
value The value(s) to add to the end of the array.
See Also
jget(), json_contains(), json_group_array(), json_group_object()
Examples
#1 To append the number 4 to null:
;SELECT json_concat(NULL, 4)
 
 
#2 To append 4 and 5 to the array [1, 2, 3]:
;SELECT json_concat('[1, 2, 3]', 4, 5)
 
 
#3 To concatenate two arrays together:
;SELECT json_concat('[1, 2, 3]', json('[4, 5]'))
 
 
 
json_contains(json, value)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Check if a JSON value contains the given element.
Parameters
json The JSON value to query.
value The value to look for in the first argument
See Also
jget(), json_concat(), json_group_array(), json_group_object()
Examples
#1 To test if a JSON array contains the number 4:
;SELECT json_contains('[1, 2, 3]', 4)
 
 
#2 To test if a JSON array contains the string 'def':
;SELECT json_contains('["abc", "def"]', 'def')
 
 
 
json_group_array(value, ...)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Collect the given values from a query into a JSON array
Parameter
value The values to append to the array
See Also
jget(), json_concat(), json_contains(), json_group_object()
Examples
#1 To create an array from arguments:
;SELECT json_group_array('one', 2, 3.4)
 
 
#2 To create an array from a column of values:
;SELECT json_group_array(column1) FROM (VALUES (1), (2), (3))
 
 
 
json_group_object(name, value, ...)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Collect the given values from a query into a JSON object
Parameters
name The property name for the value
value The value to add to the object
See Also
jget(), json_concat(), json_contains(), json_group_array()
Examples
#1 To create an object from arguments:
;SELECT json_group_object('a', 1, 'b', 2)
 
 
#2 To create an object from a pair of columns:
;SELECT json_group_object(column1, column2) FROM (VALUES ('a', 1), ('b', 2))
 
 
 
julianday(timestring, modifier, ...)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns the number of days since noon in Greenwich on November 24,
4714 B.C.
Parameters
timestring The string to convert to a date with time.
modifier A transformation that is applied to the
value to the left.
See Also
date(), datetime(), humanize_duration(), strftime(), time(),
timediff(), timeslice()
Examples
#1 To get the julian day from the timestamp '2017-01-02T03:04:05':
;SELECT julianday('2017-01-02T03:04:05')
 
 
#2 To get the julian day from the timestamp '2017-01-02T03:04:05' plus one minute:
;SELECT julianday('2017-01-02T03:04:05', '+1 minute')
 
 
#3 To get the julian day from the timestamp 1491341842:
;SELECT julianday(1491341842, 'unixepoch')
 
 
 
lag(expr, [offset], [default])
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns the result of evaluating the expression against the previous
row in the partition.
Parameters
expr The expression to execute over the previous row
offset The offset from the current row in the partition
default The default value if the previous row does not
exist instead of NULL
See Also
cume_dist(), dense_rank(), first_value(), last_value(), lead(),
nth_value(), ntile(), percent_rank(), rank(), row_number()
 
last_insert_rowid()
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns the ROWID of the last row insert from the database
connection which invoked the function
 
 
last_value(expr)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns the result of evaluating the expression against the last row
in the window frame.
Parameter
expr The expression to execute over the last row
See Also
cume_dist(), dense_rank(), first_value(), lag(), lead(), nth_value(),
ntile(), percent_rank(), rank(), row_number()
 
lead(expr, [offset], [default])
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns the result of evaluating the expression against the next row
in the partition.
Parameters
expr The expression to execute over the next row
offset The offset from the current row in the partition
default The default value if the next row does not exist
instead of NULL
See Also
cume_dist(), dense_rank(), first_value(), lag(), last_value(),
nth_value(), ntile(), percent_rank(), rank(), row_number()
 
leftstr(str, N)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns the N leftmost (UTF-8) characters in the given string.
Parameters
str The string to return subset.
N The number of characters from the left side of the
string to return.
See Also
char(), charindex(), decode(), encode(), endswith(), extract(),
group_concat(), group_spooky_hash(), gunzip(), gzip(),
humanize_duration(), humanize_file_size(), instr(), length(),
logfmt2json(), lower(), ltrim(), padc(), padl(), padr(), printf(),
proper(), regexp_capture(), regexp_capture_into_json(), regexp_match(),
regexp_replace(), replace(), replicate(), reverse(), rightstr(),
rtrim(), sparkline(), spooky_hash(), startswith(), strfilter(),
substr(), trim(), unicode(), upper(), xpath()
Examples
#1 To get the first character of the string 'abc':
;SELECT leftstr('abc', 1)
 
 
#2 To get the first ten characters of a string, regardless of size:
;SELECT leftstr('abc', 10)
 
 
 
length(str)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns the number of characters (not bytes) in the given string
prior to the first NUL character
Parameter
str The string to determine the length of
See Also
char(), charindex(), decode(), encode(), endswith(), extract(),
group_concat(), group_spooky_hash(), gunzip(), gzip(),
humanize_duration(), humanize_file_size(), instr(), leftstr(),
logfmt2json(), lower(), ltrim(), padc(), padl(), padr(), printf(),
proper(), regexp_capture(), regexp_capture_into_json(), regexp_match(),
regexp_replace(), replace(), replicate(), reverse(), rightstr(),
rtrim(), sparkline(), spooky_hash(), startswith(), strfilter(),
substr(), trim(), unicode(), upper(), xpath()
Example
#1 To get the length of the string 'abc':
;SELECT length('abc')
 
 
 
like(pattern, str, [escape])
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Match a string against a pattern
Parameters
pattern The pattern to match. A percent symbol (%) will
match zero or more characters and an underscore (_) will
match a single character.
str The string to match
escape The escape character that can be used to prefix
a literal percent or underscore in the pattern.
 
Examples
#1 To test if the string 'aabcc' contains the letter 'b':
;SELECT like('%b%', 'aabcc')
 
 
#2 To test if the string 'aab%' ends with 'b%':
;SELECT like('%b:%', 'aab%', ':')
 
 
 
likelihood(value, probability)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Provides a hint to the query planner that the first argument is a
boolean that is true with the given probability
Parameters
value The boolean value to return
probability A floating point constant between 0.0
and 1.0
 
 
likely(value)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Short-hand for likelihood(X,0.9375)
Parameter
value The boolean value to return
 
 
lnav_top_file()
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Return the name of the file that the top line in the current view
came from.
 
 
lnav_version()
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Return the current version of lnav
 
 
load_extension(path, [entry-point])
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Loads SQLite extensions out of the given shared library file using
the given entry point.
Parameters
path The path to the shared library
containing the extension.
entry-point
 
 
log(x)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns the natural logarithm of x
Parameter
x The number
See Also
abs(), acos(), acosh(), asin(), asinh(), atan(), atan2(), atanh(),
atn2(), avg(), ceil(), degrees(), exp(), floor(), log10(), max(),
min(), pi(), power(), radians(), round(), sign(), square(), sum(),
total()
Example
#1 To get the natual logarithm of 8:
;SELECT log(8)
 
 
 
log10(x)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns the base-10 logarithm of X
Parameter
x The number
See Also
abs(), acos(), acosh(), asin(), asinh(), atan(), atan2(), atanh(),
atn2(), avg(), ceil(), degrees(), exp(), floor(), log(), max(), min(),
pi(), power(), radians(), round(), sign(), square(), sum(), total()
Example
#1 To get the logarithm of 100:
;SELECT log10(100)
 
 
 
log_top_datetime()
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Return the timestamp of the line at the top of the log view.
 
 
log_top_line()
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Return the line number at the top of the log view.
 
 
logfmt2json(str)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Convert a logfmt-encoded string into JSON
Parameter
str The logfmt message to parse
See Also
char(), charindex(), decode(), encode(), endswith(), extract(),
group_concat(), group_spooky_hash(), gunzip(), gzip(),
humanize_duration(), humanize_file_size(), instr(), leftstr(),
length(), lower(), ltrim(), padc(), padl(), padr(), printf(), proper(),
regexp_capture(), regexp_capture_into_json(), regexp_match(),
regexp_replace(), replace(), replicate(), reverse(), rightstr(),
rtrim(), sparkline(), spooky_hash(), startswith(), strfilter(),
substr(), trim(), unicode(), upper(), xpath()
Example
#1 To extract key/value pairs from a log message:
;SELECT logfmt2json('foo=1 bar=2 name="Rolo Tomassi"')
 
 
 
lower(str)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns a copy of the given string with all ASCII characters
converted to lower case.
Parameter
str The string to convert.
See Also
char(), charindex(), decode(), encode(), endswith(), extract(),
group_concat(), group_spooky_hash(), gunzip(), gzip(),
humanize_duration(), humanize_file_size(), instr(), leftstr(),
length(), logfmt2json(), ltrim(), padc(), padl(), padr(), printf(),
proper(), regexp_capture(), regexp_capture_into_json(), regexp_match(),
regexp_replace(), replace(), replicate(), reverse(), rightstr(),
rtrim(), sparkline(), spooky_hash(), startswith(), strfilter(),
substr(), trim(), unicode(), upper(), xpath()
Example
#1 To lowercase the string 'AbC':
;SELECT lower('AbC')
 
 
 
ltrim(str, [chars])
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns a string formed by removing any and all characters that
appear in the second argument from the left side of the first.
Parameters
str The string to trim characters from the left side
chars The characters to trim. Defaults to spaces.
See Also
char(), charindex(), decode(), encode(), endswith(), extract(),
group_concat(), group_spooky_hash(), gunzip(), gzip(),
humanize_duration(), humanize_file_size(), instr(), leftstr(),
length(), logfmt2json(), lower(), padc(), padl(), padr(), printf(),
proper(), regexp_capture(), regexp_capture_into_json(), regexp_match(),
regexp_replace(), replace(), replicate(), reverse(), rightstr(),
rtrim(), sparkline(), spooky_hash(), startswith(), strfilter(),
substr(), trim(), unicode(), upper(), xpath()
Examples
#1 To trim the leading space characters from the string ' abc':
;SELECT ltrim(' abc')
 
 
#2 To trim the characters 'a' or 'b' from the left side of the string 'aaaabbbc':
;SELECT ltrim('aaaabbbc', 'ab')
 
 
 
max(X, ...)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns the argument with the maximum value, or return NULL if any
argument is NULL.
Parameter
X The numbers to find the maximum of. If only one argument is
given, this function operates as an aggregate.
See Also
abs(), acos(), acosh(), asin(), asinh(), atan(), atan2(), atanh(),
atn2(), avg(), ceil(), degrees(), exp(), floor(), log(), log10(),
min(), pi(), power(), radians(), round(), sign(), square(), sum(),
total()
Examples
#1 To get the largest value from the parameters:
;SELECT max(2, 1, 3)
 
 
#2 To get the largest value from an aggregate:
;SELECT max(status) FROM http_status_codes
 
 
 
min(X, ...)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns the argument with the minimum value, or return NULL if any
argument is NULL.
Parameter
X The numbers to find the minimum of. If only one argument is
given, this function operates as an aggregate.
See Also
abs(), acos(), acosh(), asin(), asinh(), atan(), atan2(), atanh(),
atn2(), avg(), ceil(), degrees(), exp(), floor(), log(), log10(),
max(), pi(), power(), radians(), round(), sign(), square(), sum(),
total()
Examples
#1 To get the smallest value from the parameters:
;SELECT min(2, 1, 3)
 
 
#2 To get the smallest value from an aggregate:
;SELECT min(status) FROM http_status_codes
 
 
 
nth_value(expr, N)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns the result of evaluating the expression against the nth row
in the window frame.
Parameters
expr The expression to execute over the nth row
N The row number
See Also
cume_dist(), dense_rank(), first_value(), lag(), last_value(), lead(),
ntile(), percent_rank(), rank(), row_number()
 
ntile(groups)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns the number of the group that the current row is a part of
Parameter
groups The number of groups
See Also
cume_dist(), dense_rank(), first_value(), lag(), last_value(), lead(),
nth_value(), percent_rank(), rank(), row_number()
 
nullif(X, Y)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns its first argument if the arguments are different and NULL
if the arguments are the same.
Parameters
X The first argument to compare.
Y The argument to compare against the first.
 
Examples
#1 To test if 1 is different from 1:
;SELECT nullif(1, 1)
 
 
#2 To test if 1 is different from 2:
;SELECT nullif(1, 2)
 
 
 
padc(str, len)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Pad the given string with enough spaces to make it centered within
the given length
Parameters
str The string to pad
len The minimum desired length of the output string
See Also
char(), charindex(), decode(), encode(), endswith(), extract(),
group_concat(), group_spooky_hash(), gunzip(), gzip(),
humanize_duration(), humanize_file_size(), instr(), leftstr(),
length(), logfmt2json(), lower(), ltrim(), padl(), padr(), printf(),
proper(), regexp_capture(), regexp_capture_into_json(), regexp_match(),
regexp_replace(), replace(), replicate(), reverse(), rightstr(),
rtrim(), sparkline(), spooky_hash(), startswith(), strfilter(),
substr(), trim(), unicode(), upper(), xpath()
Examples
#1 To pad the string 'abc' to a length of six characters:
;SELECT padc('abc', 6) || 'def'
 
 
#2 To pad the string 'abcdef' to a length of eight characters:
;SELECT padc('abcdef', 8) || 'ghi'
 
 
 
padl(str, len)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Pad the given string with leading spaces until it reaches the
desired length
Parameters
str The string to pad
len The minimum desired length of the output string
See Also
char(), charindex(), decode(), encode(), endswith(), extract(),
group_concat(), group_spooky_hash(), gunzip(), gzip(),
humanize_duration(), humanize_file_size(), instr(), leftstr(),
length(), logfmt2json(), lower(), ltrim(), padc(), padr(), printf(),
proper(), regexp_capture(), regexp_capture_into_json(), regexp_match(),
regexp_replace(), replace(), replicate(), reverse(), rightstr(),
rtrim(), sparkline(), spooky_hash(), startswith(), strfilter(),
substr(), trim(), unicode(), upper(), xpath()
Examples
#1 To pad the string 'abc' to a length of six characters:
;SELECT padl('abc', 6)
 
 
#2 To pad the string 'abcdef' to a length of four characters:
;SELECT padl('abcdef', 4)
 
 
 
padr(str, len)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Pad the given string with trailing spaces until it reaches the
desired length
Parameters
str The string to pad
len The minimum desired length of the output string
See Also
char(), charindex(), decode(), encode(), endswith(), extract(),
group_concat(), group_spooky_hash(), gunzip(), gzip(),
humanize_duration(), humanize_file_size(), instr(), leftstr(),
length(), logfmt2json(), lower(), ltrim(), padc(), padl(), printf(),
proper(), regexp_capture(), regexp_capture_into_json(), regexp_match(),
regexp_replace(), replace(), replicate(), reverse(), rightstr(),
rtrim(), sparkline(), spooky_hash(), startswith(), strfilter(),
substr(), trim(), unicode(), upper(), xpath()
Examples
#1 To pad the string 'abc' to a length of six characters:
;SELECT padr('abc', 6) || 'def'
 
 
#2 To pad the string 'abcdef' to a length of four characters:
;SELECT padr('abcdef', 4) || 'ghi'
 
 
 
percent_rank()
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns (rank - 1) / (partition-rows - 1)
See Also
cume_dist(), dense_rank(), first_value(), lag(), last_value(), lead(),
nth_value(), ntile(), rank(), row_number()
 
pi()
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns the value of PI
See Also
abs(), acos(), acosh(), asin(), asinh(), atan(), atan2(), atanh(),
atn2(), avg(), ceil(), degrees(), exp(), floor(), log(), log10(),
max(), min(), power(), radians(), round(), sign(), square(), sum(),
total()
Example
#1 To get the value of PI:
;SELECT pi()
 
 
 
power(base, exp)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns the base to the given exponent
Parameters
base The base number
exp The exponent
See Also
abs(), acos(), acosh(), asin(), asinh(), atan(), atan2(), atanh(),
atn2(), avg(), ceil(), degrees(), exp(), floor(), log(), log10(),
max(), min(), pi(), radians(), round(), sign(), square(), sum(),
total()
Example
#1 To raise two to the power of three:
;SELECT power(2, 3)
 
 
 
printf(format, X)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns a string with this functions arguments substituted into the
given format. Substitution points are specified using percent (%)
options, much like the standard C printf() function.
Parameters
format The format of the string to return.
X The argument to substitute at a given position in
the format.
See Also
char(), charindex(), decode(), encode(), endswith(), extract(),
group_concat(), group_spooky_hash(), gunzip(), gzip(),
humanize_duration(), humanize_file_size(), instr(), leftstr(),
length(), logfmt2json(), lower(), ltrim(), padc(), padl(), padr(),
proper(), regexp_capture(), regexp_capture_into_json(), regexp_match(),
regexp_replace(), replace(), replicate(), reverse(), rightstr(),
rtrim(), sparkline(), spooky_hash(), startswith(), strfilter(),
substr(), trim(), unicode(), upper(), xpath()
Examples
#1 To substitute 'World' into the string 'Hello, %s!':
;SELECT printf('Hello, %s!', 'World')
 
 
#2 To right-align 'small' in the string 'align:' with a column width of 10:
;SELECT printf('align: % 10s', 'small')
 
 
#3 To format 11 with a width of five characters and leading zeroes:
;SELECT printf('value: %05d', 11)
 
 
 
proper(str)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Capitalize the first character of words in the given string
Parameter
str The string to capitalize.
See Also
char(), charindex(), decode(), encode(), endswith(), extract(),
group_concat(), group_spooky_hash(), gunzip(), gzip(),
humanize_duration(), humanize_file_size(), instr(), leftstr(),
length(), logfmt2json(), lower(), ltrim(), padc(), padl(), padr(),
printf(), regexp_capture(), regexp_capture_into_json(), regexp_match(),
regexp_replace(), replace(), replicate(), reverse(), rightstr(),
rtrim(), sparkline(), spooky_hash(), startswith(), strfilter(),
substr(), trim(), unicode(), upper(), xpath()
Example
#1 To capitalize the words in the string 'hello, world!':
;SELECT proper('hello, world!')
 
 
 
quote(X)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns the text of an SQL literal which is the value of its
argument suitable for inclusion into an SQL statement.
Parameter
X The string to quote.
 
Examples
#1 To quote the string 'abc':
;SELECT quote('abc')
 
 
#2 To quote the string 'abc'123':
;SELECT quote('abc''123')
 
 
 
radians(degrees)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Converts degrees to radians
Parameter
degrees The degrees value to convert to radians
See Also
abs(), acos(), acosh(), asin(), asinh(), atan(), atan2(), atanh(),
atn2(), avg(), ceil(), degrees(), exp(), floor(), log(), log10(),
max(), min(), pi(), power(), round(), sign(), square(), sum(), total()
Example
#1 To convert 180 degrees to radians:
;SELECT radians(180)
 
 
 
raise_error(msg)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Raises an error with the given message when executed
Parameter
msg The error message
 
 
random()
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns a pseudo-random integer between -9223372036854775808 and
+9223372036854775807.
 
 
randomblob(N)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Return an N-byte blob containing pseudo-random bytes.
Parameter
N The size of the blob in bytes.
 
 
rank()
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns the row_number() of the first peer in each group with gaps
See Also
cume_dist(), dense_rank(), first_value(), lag(), last_value(), lead(),
nth_value(), ntile(), percent_rank(), row_number()
 
readlink(path)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Read the target of a symbolic link.
Parameter
path The path to the symbolic link.
See Also
basename(), dirname(), joinpath(), realpath()
 
realpath(path)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns the resolved version of the given path, expanding symbolic
links and resolving '.' and '..' references.
Parameter
path The path to resolve.
See Also
basename(), dirname(), joinpath(), readlink()
 
regexp(re, str)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Test if a string matches a regular expression
Parameters
re The regular expression to use
str The string to test against the regular expression
 
 
regexp_capture(string, pattern)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
A table-valued function that executes a regular-expression over a
string and returns the captured values. If the regex only matches a
subset of the input string, it will be rerun on the remaining parts
of the string until no more matches are found.
Parameters
string The string to match against the given pattern.
pattern The regular expression to match.
Results
match_index The match iteration. This value
will increase each time a new match is found in the
input string.
capture_index The index of the capture in the
regex.
capture_name The name of the capture in the
regex.
capture_count The total number of captures in the
regex.
range_start The start of the capture in the
input string.
range_stop The stop of the capture in the input
string.
content The captured value from the string.
See Also
char(), charindex(), decode(), encode(), endswith(), extract(),
group_concat(), group_spooky_hash(), gunzip(), gzip(),
humanize_duration(), humanize_file_size(), instr(), leftstr(),
length(), logfmt2json(), lower(), ltrim(), padc(), padl(), padr(),
printf(), proper(), regexp_capture_into_json(), regexp_match(),
regexp_replace(), replace(), replicate(), reverse(), rightstr(),
rtrim(), sparkline(), spooky_hash(), startswith(), strfilter(),
substr(), trim(), unicode(), upper(), xpath()
Example
#1 To extract the key/value pairs 'a'/1 and 'b'/2 from the string 'a=1; b=2':
;SELECT * FROM regexp_capture('a=1; b=2', '(\w+)=(\d+)')
 
 
 
regexp_capture_into_json(string, pattern)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
A table-valued function that executes a regular-expression over a
string and returns the captured values as a JSON object. If the
regex only matches a subset of the input string, it will be rerun on
the remaining parts of the string until no more matches are found.
Parameters
string The string to match against the given pattern.
pattern The regular expression to match.
Results
match_index The match iteration. This value will
increase each time a new match is found in the input
string.
content The captured values from the string.
See Also
char(), charindex(), decode(), encode(), endswith(), extract(),
group_concat(), group_spooky_hash(), gunzip(), gzip(),
humanize_duration(), humanize_file_size(), instr(), leftstr(),
length(), logfmt2json(), lower(), ltrim(), padc(), padl(), padr(),
printf(), proper(), regexp_capture(), regexp_match(), regexp_replace(),
replace(), replicate(), reverse(), rightstr(), rtrim(), sparkline(),
spooky_hash(), startswith(), strfilter(), substr(), trim(), unicode(),
upper(), xpath()
Example
#1 To extract the key/value pairs 'a'/1 and 'b'/2 from the string 'a=1; b=2':
;SELECT * FROM regexp_capture_into_json('a=1; b=2', '(\w+)=(\d+)')
 
 
 
regexp_match(re, str)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Match a string against a regular expression and return the capture
groups as JSON.
Parameters
re The regular expression to use
str The string to test against the regular expression
See Also
char(), charindex(), decode(), encode(), endswith(), extract(),
group_concat(), group_spooky_hash(), gunzip(), gzip(),
humanize_duration(), humanize_file_size(), instr(), leftstr(),
length(), logfmt2json(), lower(), ltrim(), padc(), padl(), padr(),
printf(), proper(), regexp_capture(), regexp_capture_into_json(),
regexp_replace(), regexp_replace(), replace(), replicate(), reverse(),
rightstr(), rtrim(), sparkline(), spooky_hash(), startswith(),
strfilter(), substr(), trim(), unicode(), upper(), xpath()
Examples
#1 To capture the digits from the string '123':
;SELECT regexp_match('(\d+)', '123')
 
 
#2 To capture a number and word into a JSON object with the properties 'col_0' and
'col_1':
;SELECT regexp_match('(\d+) (\w+)', '123 four')
 
 
#3 To capture a number and word into a JSON object with the named properties 'num' and
'str':
;SELECT regexp_match('(?<num>\d+) (?<str>\w+)', '123 four')
 
 
 
regexp_replace(str, re, repl)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Replace the parts of a string that match a regular expression.
Parameters
str The string to perform replacements on
re The regular expression to match
repl The replacement string. You can reference capture
groups with a backslash followed by the number of the group,
starting with 1.
See Also
char(), charindex(), decode(), encode(), endswith(), extract(),
group_concat(), group_spooky_hash(), gunzip(), gzip(),
humanize_duration(), humanize_file_size(), instr(), leftstr(),
length(), logfmt2json(), lower(), ltrim(), padc(), padl(), padr(),
printf(), proper(), regexp_capture(), regexp_capture_into_json(),
regexp_match(), regexp_match(), replace(), replicate(), reverse(),
rightstr(), rtrim(), sparkline(), spooky_hash(), startswith(),
strfilter(), substr(), trim(), unicode(), upper(), xpath()
Examples
#1 To replace the word at the start of the string 'Hello, World!' with 'Goodbye':
;SELECT regexp_replace('Hello, World!', '^(\w+)', 'Goodbye')
 
 
#2 To wrap alphanumeric words with angle brackets:
;SELECT regexp_replace('123 abc', '(\w+)', '<\1>')
 
 
 
replace(str, old, replacement)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns a string formed by substituting the replacement string for
every occurrence of the old string in the given string.
Parameters
str The string to perform substitutions on.
old The string to be replaced.
replacement The string to replace any occurrences of
the old string with.
See Also
char(), charindex(), decode(), encode(), endswith(), extract(),
group_concat(), group_spooky_hash(), gunzip(), gzip(),
humanize_duration(), humanize_file_size(), instr(), leftstr(),
length(), logfmt2json(), lower(), ltrim(), padc(), padl(), padr(),
printf(), proper(), regexp_capture(), regexp_capture_into_json(),
regexp_match(), regexp_replace(), replicate(), reverse(), rightstr(),
rtrim(), sparkline(), spooky_hash(), startswith(), strfilter(),
substr(), trim(), unicode(), upper(), xpath()
Examples
#1 To replace the string 'x' with 'z' in 'abc':
;SELECT replace('abc', 'x', 'z')
 
 
#2 To replace the string 'a' with 'z' in 'abc':
;SELECT replace('abc', 'a', 'z')
 
 
 
replicate(str, N)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns the given string concatenated N times.
Parameters
str The string to replicate.
N The number of times to replicate the string.
See Also
char(), charindex(), decode(), encode(), endswith(), extract(),
group_concat(), group_spooky_hash(), gunzip(), gzip(),
humanize_duration(), humanize_file_size(), instr(), leftstr(),
length(), logfmt2json(), lower(), ltrim(), padc(), padl(), padr(),
printf(), proper(), regexp_capture(), regexp_capture_into_json(),
regexp_match(), regexp_replace(), replace(), reverse(), rightstr(),
rtrim(), sparkline(), spooky_hash(), startswith(), strfilter(),
substr(), trim(), unicode(), upper(), xpath()
Example
#1 To repeat the string 'abc' three times:
;SELECT replicate('abc', 3)
 
 
 
reverse(str)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns the reverse of the given string.
Parameter
str The string to reverse.
See Also
char(), charindex(), decode(), encode(), endswith(), extract(),
group_concat(), group_spooky_hash(), gunzip(), gzip(),
humanize_duration(), humanize_file_size(), instr(), leftstr(),
length(), logfmt2json(), lower(), ltrim(), padc(), padl(), padr(),
printf(), proper(), regexp_capture(), regexp_capture_into_json(),
regexp_match(), regexp_replace(), replace(), replicate(), rightstr(),
rtrim(), sparkline(), spooky_hash(), startswith(), strfilter(),
substr(), trim(), unicode(), upper(), xpath()
Example
#1 To reverse the string 'abc':
;SELECT reverse('abc')
 
 
 
rightstr(str, N)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns the N rightmost (UTF-8) characters in the given string.
Parameters
str The string to return subset.
N The number of characters from the right side of the
string to return.
See Also
char(), charindex(), decode(), encode(), endswith(), extract(),
group_concat(), group_spooky_hash(), gunzip(), gzip(),
humanize_duration(), humanize_file_size(), instr(), leftstr(),
length(), logfmt2json(), lower(), ltrim(), padc(), padl(), padr(),
printf(), proper(), regexp_capture(), regexp_capture_into_json(),
regexp_match(), regexp_replace(), replace(), replicate(), reverse(),
rtrim(), sparkline(), spooky_hash(), startswith(), strfilter(),
substr(), trim(), unicode(), upper(), xpath()
Examples
#1 To get the last character of the string 'abc':
;SELECT rightstr('abc', 1)
 
 
#2 To get the last ten characters of a string, regardless of size:
;SELECT rightstr('abc', 10)
 
 
 
round(num, [digits])
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns a floating-point value rounded to the given number of digits
to the right of the decimal point.
Parameters
num The value to round.
digits The number of digits to the right of the decimal
to round to.
See Also
abs(), acos(), acosh(), asin(), asinh(), atan(), atan2(), atanh(),
atn2(), avg(), ceil(), degrees(), exp(), floor(), log(), log10(),
max(), min(), pi(), power(), radians(), sign(), square(), sum(),
total()
Examples
#1 To round the number 123.456 to an integer:
;SELECT round(123.456)
 
 
#2 To round the number 123.456 to a precision of 1:
;SELECT round(123.456, 1)
 
 
#3 To round the number 123.456 to a precision of 5:
;SELECT round(123.456, 5)
 
 
 
row_number()
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns the number of the row within the current partition, starting
from 1.
See Also
cume_dist(), dense_rank(), first_value(), lag(), last_value(), lead(),
nth_value(), ntile(), percent_rank(), rank()
Example
#1 To number messages from a process:
;SELECT row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY ex_procname ORDER BY log_line) AS msg_num,
ex_procname, log_body FROM lnav_example_log
 
 
 
rtrim(str, [chars])
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns a string formed by removing any and all characters that
appear in the second argument from the right side of the first.
Parameters
str The string to trim characters from the right side
chars The characters to trim. Defaults to spaces.
See Also
char(), charindex(), decode(), encode(), endswith(), extract(),
group_concat(), group_spooky_hash(), gunzip(), gzip(),
humanize_duration(), humanize_file_size(), instr(), leftstr(),
length(), logfmt2json(), lower(), ltrim(), padc(), padl(), padr(),
printf(), proper(), regexp_capture(), regexp_capture_into_json(),
regexp_match(), regexp_replace(), replace(), replicate(), reverse(),
rightstr(), sparkline(), spooky_hash(), startswith(), strfilter(),
substr(), trim(), unicode(), upper(), xpath()
Examples
#1 To trim the space characters from the end of the string 'abc ':
;SELECT rtrim('abc ')
 
 
#2 To trim the characters 'b' and 'c' from the string 'abbbbcccc':
;SELECT rtrim('abbbbcccc', 'bc')
 
 
 
sign(num)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns the sign of the given number as -1, 0, or 1
Parameter
num The number
See Also
abs(), acos(), acosh(), asin(), asinh(), atan(), atan2(), atanh(),
atn2(), avg(), ceil(), degrees(), exp(), floor(), log(), log10(),
max(), min(), pi(), power(), radians(), round(), square(), sum(),
total()
Examples
#1 To get the sign of 10:
;SELECT sign(10)
 
 
#2 To get the sign of 0:
;SELECT sign(0)
 
 
#3 To get the sign of -10:
;SELECT sign(-10)
 
 
 
sparkline(value, [upper])
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Function used to generate a sparkline bar chart. The non-aggregate
version converts a single numeric value on a range to a bar chart
character. The aggregate version returns a string with a bar
character for every numeric input
Parameters
value The numeric value to convert
upper The upper bound of the numeric range. The
non-aggregate version defaults to 100. The aggregate
version uses the largest value in the inputs.
See Also
char(), charindex(), decode(), encode(), endswith(), extract(),
group_concat(), group_spooky_hash(), gunzip(), gzip(),
humanize_duration(), humanize_file_size(), instr(), leftstr(),
length(), logfmt2json(), lower(), ltrim(), padc(), padl(), padr(),
printf(), proper(), regexp_capture(), regexp_capture_into_json(),
regexp_match(), regexp_replace(), replace(), replicate(), reverse(),
rightstr(), rtrim(), spooky_hash(), startswith(), strfilter(),
substr(), trim(), unicode(), upper(), xpath()
Examples
#1 To get the unicode block element for the value 32 in the range of 0-128:
;SELECT sparkline(32, 128)
 
 
#2 To chart the values in a JSON array:
;SELECT sparkline(value) FROM json_each('[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]')
 
 
 
spooky_hash(str, ...)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Compute the hash value for the given arguments.
Parameter
str The string to hash
See Also
char(), charindex(), decode(), encode(), endswith(), extract(),
group_concat(), group_spooky_hash(), gunzip(), gzip(),
humanize_duration(), humanize_file_size(), instr(), leftstr(),
length(), logfmt2json(), lower(), ltrim(), padc(), padl(), padr(),
printf(), proper(), regexp_capture(), regexp_capture_into_json(),
regexp_match(), regexp_replace(), replace(), replicate(), reverse(),
rightstr(), rtrim(), sparkline(), startswith(), strfilter(), substr(),
trim(), unicode(), upper(), xpath()
Examples
#1 To produce a hash for the string 'Hello, World!':
;SELECT spooky_hash('Hello, World!')
 
 
#2 To produce a hash for the parameters where one is NULL:
;SELECT spooky_hash('Hello, World!', NULL)
 
 
#3 To produce a hash for the parameters where one is an empty string:
;SELECT spooky_hash('Hello, World!', '')
 
 
#4 To produce a hash for the parameters where one is a number:
;SELECT spooky_hash('Hello, World!', 123)
 
 
 
sqlite_compileoption_get(N)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns the N-th compile-time option used to build SQLite or NULL if
N is out of range.
Parameter
N The option number to get
 
 
sqlite_compileoption_used(option)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns true (1) or false (0) depending on whether or not that
compile-time option was used during the build.
Parameter
option The name of the compile-time option.
 
Example
#1 To check if the SQLite library was compiled with ENABLE_FTS3:
;SELECT sqlite_compileoption_used('ENABLE_FTS3')
 
 
 
sqlite_source_id()
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns a string that identifies the specific version of the source
code that was used to build the SQLite library.
 
 
sqlite_version()
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns the version string for the SQLite library that is running.
 
 
square(num)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns the square of the argument
Parameter
num The number to square
See Also
abs(), acos(), acosh(), asin(), asinh(), atan(), atan2(), atanh(),
atn2(), avg(), ceil(), degrees(), exp(), floor(), log(), log10(),
max(), min(), pi(), power(), radians(), round(), sign(), sum(),
total()
Example
#1 To get the square of two:
;SELECT square(2)
 
 
 
startswith(str, prefix)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Test if a string begins with the given prefix
Parameters
str The string to test
prefix The prefix to check in the string
See Also
char(), charindex(), decode(), encode(), endswith(), extract(),
group_concat(), group_spooky_hash(), gunzip(), gzip(),
humanize_duration(), humanize_file_size(), instr(), leftstr(),
length(), logfmt2json(), lower(), ltrim(), padc(), padl(), padr(),
printf(), proper(), regexp_capture(), regexp_capture_into_json(),
regexp_match(), regexp_replace(), replace(), replicate(), reverse(),
rightstr(), rtrim(), sparkline(), spooky_hash(), strfilter(), substr(),
trim(), unicode(), upper(), xpath()
Examples
#1 To test if the string 'foobar' starts with 'foo':
;SELECT startswith('foobar', 'foo')
 
 
#2 To test if the string 'foobar' starts with 'bar':
;SELECT startswith('foobar', 'bar')
 
 
 
strfilter(source, include)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns the source string with only the characters given in the
second parameter
Parameters
source The string to filter
include The characters to include in the result
See Also
char(), charindex(), decode(), encode(), endswith(), extract(),
group_concat(), group_spooky_hash(), gunzip(), gzip(),
humanize_duration(), humanize_file_size(), instr(), leftstr(),
length(), logfmt2json(), lower(), ltrim(), padc(), padl(), padr(),
printf(), proper(), regexp_capture(), regexp_capture_into_json(),
regexp_match(), regexp_replace(), replace(), replicate(), reverse(),
rightstr(), rtrim(), sparkline(), spooky_hash(), startswith(),
substr(), trim(), unicode(), upper(), xpath()
Example
#1 To get the 'b', 'c', and 'd' characters from the string 'abcabc':
;SELECT strfilter('abcabc', 'bcd')
 
 
 
strftime(format, timestring, modifier, ...)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns the date formatted according to the format string specified
as the first argument.
Parameters
format A format string with substitutions similar
to those found in the strftime() standard C library.
timestring The string to convert to a date with time.
modifier A transformation that is applied to the
value to the left.
See Also
date(), datetime(), humanize_duration(), julianday(), time(),
timediff(), timeslice()
Examples
#1 To get the year from the timestamp '2017-01-02T03:04:05':
;SELECT strftime('%Y', '2017-01-02T03:04:05')
 
 
#2 To create a string with the time from the timestamp '2017-01-02T03:04:05' plus one
minute:
;SELECT strftime('The time is: %H:%M:%S', '2017-01-02T03:04:05', '+1 minute')
 
 
#3 To create a string with the Julian day from the epoch timestamp 1491341842:
;SELECT strftime('Julian day: %J', 1491341842, 'unixepoch')
 
 
 
substr(str, start, [size])
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Returns a substring of input string X that begins with the Y-th
character and which is Z characters long.
Parameters
str The string to extract a substring from.
start The index within 'str' that is the start of the
substring. Indexes begin at 1. A negative value means that
the substring is found by counting from the right rather
than the left.
size The size of the substring. If not given, then all
characters through the end of the string are returned. If
the value is negative, then the characters before the start
are returned.
See Also
char(), charindex(), decode(), encode(), endswith(), extract(),
group_concat(), group_spooky_hash(), gunzip(), gzip(),
humanize_duration(), humanize_file_size(), instr(), leftstr(),
length(), logfmt2json(), lower(), ltrim(), padc(), padl(), padr(),
printf(), proper(), regexp_capture(), regexp_capture_into_json(),
regexp_match(), regexp_replace(), replace(), replicate(), reverse(),
rightstr(), rtrim(), sparkline(), spooky_hash(), startswith(),
strfilter(), trim(), unicode(), upper(), xpath()
Examples
#1 To get the substring starting at the second character until the end of the string
'abc':
;SELECT substr('abc', 2)
 
 
#2 To get the substring of size one starting at the second character of the string
'abc':
;SELECT substr('abc', 2, 1)
 
 
#3 To get the substring starting at the last character until the end of the string
'abc':
;SELECT substr('abc', -1)
 
 
#4 To get the substring starting at the last character and going backwards one step of
the string 'abc':
;SELECT substr('abc', -1, -1)
 
 
 
sum(X)
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Returns the sum of the values in the group as an integer.
Parameter
X The values to add.
See Also
abs(), acos(), acosh(), asin(), asinh(), atan(), atan2(), atanh(),
atn2(), avg(), ceil(), degrees(), exp(), floor(), log(), log10(),
max(), min(), pi(), power(), radians(), round(), sign(), square(),
total()
Example
#1 To sum all of the values in the column 'ex_duration' from the table
'lnav_example_log':
;SELECT sum(ex_duration) FROM lnav_example_log
 
 
 
time(timestring, modifier, ...)
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Returns the time in this format: HH:MM:SS.
Parameters
timestring The string to convert to a time.
modifier A transformation that is applied to the
value to the left.
See Also
date(), datetime(), humanize_duration(), julianday(), strftime(),
timediff(), timeslice()
Examples
#1 To get the time portion of the timestamp '2017-01-02T03:04:05':
;SELECT time('2017-01-02T03:04:05')
 
 
#2 To get the time portion of the timestamp '2017-01-02T03:04:05' plus one minute:
;SELECT time('2017-01-02T03:04:05', '+1 minute')
 
 
#3 To get the time portion of the epoch timestamp 1491341842:
;SELECT time(1491341842, 'unixepoch')
 
 
 
timediff(time1, time2)
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Compute the difference between two timestamps in seconds
Parameters
time1 The first timestamp
time2 The timestamp to subtract from the first
See Also
date(), datetime(), humanize_duration(), julianday(), strftime(),
time(), timeslice()
Examples
#1 To get the difference between two timestamps:
;SELECT timediff('2017-02-03T04:05:06', '2017-02-03T04:05:00')
 
 
#2 To get the difference between relative timestamps:
;SELECT timediff('today', 'yesterday')
 
 
 
timeslice(time, slice)
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Return the start of the slice of time that the given timestamp falls
in. If the time falls outside of the slice, NULL is returned.
Parameters
time The timestamp to get the time slice for.
slice The size of the time slices
See Also
date(), datetime(), humanize_duration(), julianday(), strftime(),
time(), timediff()
Examples
#1 To get the timestamp rounded down to the start of the ten minute slice:
;SELECT timeslice('2017-01-01T05:05:00', '10m')
 
 
#2 To group log messages into five minute buckets and count them:
;SELECT timeslice(log_time_msecs, '5m') AS slice, count(1)
FROM lnav_example_log GROUP BY slice
 
 
#3 To group log messages by those before 4:30am and after:
;SELECT timeslice(log_time_msecs, 'before 4:30am') AS slice, count(1) FROM
lnav_example_log GROUP BY slice
 
 
 
total(X)
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Returns the sum of the values in the group as a floating-point.
Parameter
X The values to add.
See Also
abs(), acos(), acosh(), asin(), asinh(), atan(), atan2(), atanh(),
atn2(), avg(), ceil(), degrees(), exp(), floor(), log(), log10(),
max(), min(), pi(), power(), radians(), round(), sign(), square(),
sum()
Example
#1 To total all of the values in the column 'ex_duration' from the table
'lnav_example_log':
;SELECT total(ex_duration) FROM lnav_example_log
 
 
 
total_changes()
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Returns the number of row changes caused by INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE
statements since the current database connection was opened.
 
 
trim(str, [chars])
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Returns a string formed by removing any and all characters that
appear in the second argument from the left and right sides of the
first.
Parameters
str The string to trim characters from the left and
right sides.
chars The characters to trim. Defaults to spaces.
See Also
char(), charindex(), decode(), encode(), endswith(), extract(),
group_concat(), group_spooky_hash(), gunzip(), gzip(),
humanize_duration(), humanize_file_size(), instr(), leftstr(),
length(), logfmt2json(), lower(), ltrim(), padc(), padl(), padr(),
printf(), proper(), regexp_capture(), regexp_capture_into_json(),
regexp_match(), regexp_replace(), replace(), replicate(), reverse(),
rightstr(), rtrim(), sparkline(), spooky_hash(), startswith(),
strfilter(), substr(), unicode(), upper(), xpath()
Examples
#1 To trim spaces from the start and end of the string ' abc ':
;SELECT trim(' abc ')
 
 
#2 To trim the characters '-' and '+' from the string '-+abc+-':
;SELECT trim('-+abc+-', '-+')
 
 
 
typeof(X)
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Returns a string that indicates the datatype of the expression X:
"null", "integer", "real", "text", or "blob".
Parameter
X The expression to check.
 
Examples
#1 To get the type of the number 1:
;SELECT typeof(1)
 
 
#2 To get the type of the string 'abc':
;SELECT typeof('abc')
 
 
 
unicode(X)
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Returns the numeric unicode code point corresponding to the first
character of the string X.
Parameter
X The string to examine.
See Also
char(), charindex(), decode(), encode(), endswith(), extract(),
group_concat(), group_spooky_hash(), gunzip(), gzip(),
humanize_duration(), humanize_file_size(), instr(), leftstr(),
length(), logfmt2json(), lower(), ltrim(), padc(), padl(), padr(),
printf(), proper(), regexp_capture(), regexp_capture_into_json(),
regexp_match(), regexp_replace(), replace(), replicate(), reverse(),
rightstr(), rtrim(), sparkline(), spooky_hash(), startswith(),
strfilter(), substr(), trim(), upper(), xpath()
Example
#1 To get the unicode code point for the first character of 'abc':
;SELECT unicode('abc')
 
 
 
unlikely(value)
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Short-hand for likelihood(X, 0.0625)
Parameter
value The boolean value to return
 
 
upper(str)
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Returns a copy of the given string with all ASCII characters
converted to upper case.
Parameter
str The string to convert.
See Also
char(), charindex(), decode(), encode(), endswith(), extract(),
group_concat(), group_spooky_hash(), gunzip(), gzip(),
humanize_duration(), humanize_file_size(), instr(), leftstr(),
length(), logfmt2json(), lower(), ltrim(), padc(), padl(), padr(),
printf(), proper(), regexp_capture(), regexp_capture_into_json(),
regexp_match(), regexp_replace(), replace(), replicate(), reverse(),
rightstr(), rtrim(), sparkline(), spooky_hash(), startswith(),
strfilter(), substr(), trim(), unicode(), xpath()
Example
#1 To uppercase the string 'aBc':
;SELECT upper('aBc')
 
 
 
xpath(xpath, xmldoc)
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A table-valued function that executes an xpath expression over an
XML string and returns the selected values.
Parameters
xpath The XPATH expression to evaluate over the XML
document.
xmldoc The XML document as a string.
Results
result The result of the XPATH expression.
node_path The absolute path to the node containing the
result.
node_attr The node's attributes stored in JSON object.
node_text The node's text value.
See Also
char(), charindex(), decode(), encode(), endswith(), extract(),
group_concat(), group_spooky_hash(), gunzip(), gzip(),
humanize_duration(), humanize_file_size(), instr(), leftstr(),
length(), logfmt2json(), lower(), ltrim(), padc(), padl(), padr(),
printf(), proper(), regexp_capture(), regexp_capture_into_json(),
regexp_match(), regexp_replace(), replace(), replicate(), reverse(),
rightstr(), rtrim(), sparkline(), spooky_hash(), startswith(),
strfilter(), substr(), trim(), unicode(), upper()
Examples
#1 To select the XML nodes on the path '/abc/def':
;SELECT * FROM xpath('/abc/def', '<abc><def a="b">Hello</def><def>Bye</def></abc>')
 
 
#2 To select all 'a' attributes on the path '/abc/def':
;SELECT * FROM xpath('/abc/def/@a', '<abc><def a="b">Hello</def><def>Bye</def></abc>')
 
 
#3 To select the text nodes on the path '/abc/def':
;SELECT * FROM xpath('/abc/def/text()', '<abc><def a="b">Hello &#x2605;</def></abc>')
 
 
 
zeroblob(N)
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Returns a BLOB consisting of N bytes of 0x00.
Parameter
N The size of the BLOB.
 
 
ATTACH DATABASE filename AS schema-name
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Attach a database file to the current connection.
Parameters
filename The path to the database file.
schema-name The prefix for tables in this database.
 
Example
#1 To attach the database file '/tmp/customers.db' with the name customers:
;ATTACH DATABASE '/tmp/customers.db' AS customers
 
 
 
CASE [base-expr] WHEN cmp-expr1 THEN then-expr1 [... WHEN cmp-exprN THEN then-exprN] [ELSE else-expr] END
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Evaluate a series of expressions in order until one evaluates to
true and then return it's result. Similar to an IF-THEN-ELSE
construct in other languages.
Parameters
base-expr The base expression that is used for
comparison in the branches
cmp-expr The expression to test if this branch should
be taken
else-expr The result of this CASE if no branches
matched.
 
Example
#1 To evaluate the number one and return the string 'one':
;SELECT CASE 1 WHEN 0 THEN 'zero' WHEN 1 THEN 'one' END
 
 
 
CREATE [TEMP] VIEW [IF NOT EXISTS] [schema-name.] view-name AS select-stmt
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Assign a name to a SELECT statement
Parameters
IF NOT EXISTS Do not create the view if it already
exists
schema-name. The database to create the view in
view-name The name of the view
select-stmt The SELECT statement the view
represents
 
 
DELETE FROM table-name [WHERE cond]
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Delete rows from a table
Parameters
table-name The name of the table
cond The conditions used to delete the rows.
 
 
DETACH DATABASE schema-name
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Detach a database from the current connection.
Parameter
schema-name The prefix for tables in this database.
 
Example
#1 To detach the database named 'customers':
;DETACH DATABASE customers
 
 
 
DROP VIEW [IF EXISTS] [schema-name.] view-name
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Drop a view
Parameters
 
 
INSERT INTO [schema-name.] table-name [( column-name1 [, ... column-nameN] )] VALUES ( expr1 [, ... exprN] )
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Insert rows into a table
Parameters
 
Example
#1 To insert the pair containing 'MSG' and 'HELLO, WORLD!' into the
'environ' table:
;INSERT INTO environ VALUES ('MSG', 'HELLO, WORLD!')
 
 
 
OVER window-name
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Executes the preceding function over a window
Parameter
window-name The name of the window definition
 
 
SELECT result-column1 [, ... result-columnN] [FROM table1 [, ... tableN]] [WHERE cond] [GROUP BY grouping-expr1 [, ... grouping-exprN]] [ORDER BY ordering-term1 [, ... ordering-termN]] [LIMIT limit-expr1 [, ... limit-exprN]]
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Query the database and return zero or more rows of data.
Parameters
result-column The expression used to generate a
result for this column.
table The table(s) to query for data
cond The conditions used to select the
rows to return.
grouping-expr The expression to use when grouping
rows.
ordering-term The values to use when ordering the
result set.
limit-expr The maximum number of rows to
return.
 
Example
#1 To select all of the columns from the table 'syslog_log':
;SELECT * FROM syslog_log
 
 
 
UPDATE table SET column-name1 = expr1 [, ... column-nameN = exprN] [WHERE cond]
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Modify a subset of values in zero or more rows of the given table
Parameters
table The table to update
column-name The columns in the table to update.
cond The condition used to determine whether
a row should be updated.
 
Example
#1 To mark the syslog message at line 40:
;UPDATE syslog_log SET log_mark = 1 WHERE log_line = 40
 
 
 
WITH [RECURSIVE] cte-table-name AS select-stmt
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Create a temporary view that exists only for the duration of a SQL
statement.
Parameters
cte-table-name The name for the temporary table.
select-stmt The SELECT statement used to
populate the temporary table.