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695 lines
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695 lines
29 KiB
Markdown
# 前言
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這是我推薦的學習Haskell之路。
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#### 請切記:*別在不懂的地方打轉,先繼續讀下去!*
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## 社群
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IRC頻道是Freenode上的`#haskell-beginners`。
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IRC web版用戶端可[在這裡取得](http://webchat.freenode.net/)。
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Haskell[郵件群組](https://wiki.haskell.org/Mailing_lists)。
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### 社群參與原則
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請參考Chris Done所撰:[Teaching](http://chrisdone.com/posts/teaching)。
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請友善待人,尖酸苛薄只會把人嚇跑、令人不願再參與而已。
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低劣的批評只讓你自己痛快,對聽者毫無幫助。
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別說『這很簡單』、『這沒什麼』。這會讓人覺得要花這麼多功夫來弄懂是因為自不如人,學得慢的人通常是學得最全面的人,這值得稱讚!
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當別人承認他不知道的時候,不要故作驚訝。這會讓他難過,而你除了表現得好像很行,什麼也沒得到。
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不要說『其實...這樣才對...』(well, actually...)。當有人說了什麼『幾乎正確』的話,而你說些『其實...這樣才對』來做些枝微末節的修正,這很惱人,尤其這常常跟整個討論根本八竿子打不著。我並不是在說人們不在乎精確,只是像這樣的發言通常是作秀成分居多,而非為了追尋真實。
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---
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以上部分內容來自[the Recurse Center手冊](https://www.recurse.com/manual)。感謝他們願意公開分享!
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# 什麼是Haskell、GHC和Cabal?
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Haskell的規格可在下面這篇報告找到,此報告最新版本為2010版:
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[onlinereport](http://www.haskell.org/onlinereport/haskell2010/)
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## GHC
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[GHC](http://www.haskell.org/ghc/)是Haskell語言的主流工具選擇。它包含編譯器、直譯器、套件管理,與其他輔助工具。
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## Cabal
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[Cabal](https://www.haskell.org/cabal/download.html)可用來做專案管理與套件相依性解析。
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這會是你用來安裝專案、套件的主要工具,其常見的做法是安裝到專屬的沙箱(cabal sandbox)中。
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Cabal相當於Ruby Bundler、Python pip、Node NPM、Maven等等。你可以用GHC來打包套件,Cabal則可用來選擇你想要的版本安裝。
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# 環境設定
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## Ubuntu
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[這個PPA](http://launchpad.net/~hvr/+archive/ghc)很棒,我在我所有的Linux環境與建置用機器上都靠它。
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詳細設定步驟如下:
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```bash
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$ sudo apt-get update
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$ sudo apt-get install python-software-properties # v12.04 and below
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$ sudo apt-get install software-properties-common # v12.10 and above
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$ sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:hvr/ghc
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$ sudo apt-get update
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$ sudo apt-get install cabal-install-1.20 ghc-7.8.4 happy-1.19.4 alex-3.1.3
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```
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接著,把以下路徑加入你的`$PATH`環境變數中(bash\_profile, zshrc, bashrc, etc):
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```
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~/.cabal/bin:/opt/cabal/1.20/bin:/opt/ghc/7.8.4/bin:/opt/happy/1.19.4/bin:/opt/alex/3.1.3/bin
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```
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*註:* 你不妨把`.cabal-sandbox/bin`加到你的路徑中。如此一來,只要你使用沙箱(cabal sandbox)開發,並且
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留在專案的工作路徑中,你就可以在命令列中輕易取用你正在開發的二進位檔。
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## Debian
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### 使用Ubuntu PPA
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如果不打算使用官方提供的穩定版本,你可以用上面提過和Ubuntu一樣的流程,但會需要在下面這個命令後:
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`sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:hvr/ghc` 加上:
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```bash
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$ sudo sed -i s/jessie/trusty/g /etc/apt/sources.list.d/hvr-ghc-jessie.list
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```
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其他的Debian版本,只需將`jessie`都換成你的版本名即可。
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如果`/etc/apt/sources.list.d/hvr-ghc-jessie.list`不存在,那麼`/etc/apt/sources.list`應該會有:
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deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/hvr/ghc/ubuntu jessie main
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把上列`jessie`換成`trusty`即可。
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### 自行編譯
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請參照這篇為Mac OSX所撰的指南:
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請注意:
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- 根據你個人的工作環境,設定ghc時指定目錄前綴(prefix)
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- 不要直接下載`cabal-install`的二進位檔,請下載源碼並執行其`bootstrap.sh`腳本。
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## Fedora 21
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從非官方套件庫安裝Haskell 7.8.4 (Fedora 22以上已經有官方版本):
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```bash
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$ sudo yum-config-manager --add-repo \
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> https://copr.fedoraproject.org/coprs/petersen/ghc-7.8.4/repo/fedora-21/petersen-ghc-7.8.4-fedora-21.repo
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$ sudo yum install ghc cabal-install
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```
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根據[petersen/ghc-7.8.4 copr page](https://copr.fedoraproject.org/coprs/petersen/ghc-7.8.4/),此版本的ghc
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無法與Fedora/EPEL ghc並存。
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## Arch Linux
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從官方套件庫安裝:
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```bash
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$ sudo pacman -S cabal-install ghc happy alex haddock
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```
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## Gentoo
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你可以透過Portage來分別安裝Haskell Platform的各個組件。如果你使用`ACCEPT_KEYWORDS=arch`,而非`ACCEPT_KETWORDS=~arch`,
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Portage會弄個老舊的Haskell給你。因此,舉凡用了`ACCEPT_KEYWORDS=arch`,請把下面這幾行加進去:
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dev-haskell/cabal-install
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dev-lang/ghc
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接著請執行:
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```bash
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$ emerge -jav dev-lang/ghc dev-haskell/cabal-install
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```
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Gentoo會留一個『穩定』(換言之:老舊)的`cabal-install`在Portage的套件樹中,你可以利用這個`cabal-install`來安裝
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新版的`cabal-install`。請注意,以下反斜線是必須的:
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```bash
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$ \cabal update # The backslashes
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$ \cabal install cabal-install # are intentional
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```
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如此一來,你便透過Protage在系統中安裝了cabal,又在你的個人環境中安裝了最新的`cabal-install`。
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下一步是確定每次你在終端機執行`cabal`時,你的shell都是執行你個人環境中的最新版本:
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```bash
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PATH=$PATH:$HOME/.cabal/bin
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alias cabal="$HOME/.cabal/bin/cabal"
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```
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不知道你的shell是哪一個?那你很可能用的是Bash。如果你用的是Bash,你需要編輯`~/.bashrc`。
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如果是Z-shell,則是`~/.zshrc`,可用以下面命令來查詢:
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```bash
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echo $SHELL | xargs basename
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```
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例如我用的是zsh,所以上列命令會輸出`zsh`。
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當以上都完成,請再另外安裝兩個工具:`alex`和`happy`:
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```bash
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$ cabal install alex happy
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```
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恭喜!你有了一個正常運作的Haskell!
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## Mac OS X
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### 10.9
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請安裝[GHC for Mac OS X](http://ghcformacosx.github.io/),它包含了GHC與Cabal。安裝完成後,
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它會指示你如何將GHC與Cabal加入你的系統路徑。
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### 10.6-10.8
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請下載這個[tarball](https://www.haskell.org/platform/download/2014.2.0.0/ghc-7.8.3-x86_64-apple-darwin-r3.tar.bz2),
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並安裝其包含的二進位版。
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## Windows
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- [windows minimal GHC installer](http://neilmitchell.blogspot.com/2014/12/beta-testing-windows-minimal-ghc.html)
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它可以用來編譯`network`等套件,雖然嚴格說它還在beta,但應該足夠讓任何讀這篇導覽的人使用。
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別忘了,要用系統管理者的身份來安裝,因為它需要新增到Program Files的權限。
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## 其他Linux使用者
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下載cabal與ghc的最新版二進位檔。
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- [GHC](http://www.haskell.org/ghc/).
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- [Cabal](https://www.haskell.org/cabal/download.html).
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# 主要學習課程
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## Yorgey's cis194課程
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> *請先透過這門課學習*,這是我最推薦入門Haskell的課。
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此課程的教材可於[線上取得](http://www.seas.upenn.edu/~cis194/spring13/lectures.html)。
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[Brent Yorgey](https://byorgey.wordpress.com)的課是我目前所知最好的。它之所以好,因為
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它不只教你些基礎知識,還教你parser combinators。
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如果你不是個程式設計師,或缺乏經驗,那麼這門課可能沒這麼適合。建議你從
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[Thompson的這本書](http://www.haskellcraft.com/craft3e/Home.html)開始,然後再轉到cis194。
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---
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## NICTA課程
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> 在你完成上述Yorgey的cis194後,我推薦繼續挑戰此課程。
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這門課發佈在[github上](https://github.com/NICTA/course)。
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透過實作cis194中所介紹過的種種抽象表述,你會有更深入的了解。這樣的練習對於
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熟悉Haskell中每天都會面對的Functor/Applicative/Monad等等至關重要。
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先做cis194,緊接著NICTA,是這整篇Haskell學習導覽的核心,也是我教每個人Haskell的方式。
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---
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## 補充課程 cs240h
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> 提供更多中階以上議題的教材
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[線上教材](http://www.scs.stanford.edu/14sp-cs240h/)
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這是[Bryan O'Sullivan](https://github.com/bos)在Stanford所教課程的線上版。
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如果你不知道他是誰,去翻翻Haskell的函式庫吧!幾乎一半以上常用的套件都有他的名字。
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特別是phantom types、information flow control、language extensions、concurrency、pipes和lenses。
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---
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### `<-` / `do` / list comprehension簡便語法到底是什麼?
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[很棒的解釋](http://www.haskellforall.com/2014/10/how-to-desugar-haskell-code.html)。
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### 了解list和fold
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- [Explain List Folds to Yourself](http://vimeo.com/64673035)
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### 學習常用的typeclasses
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對瞭解`Functor`、`Applicative`、`Monad`、`Monoid`和其他typeclasses很有幫助,而且還有
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些針對Haskell的範疇論(category theory)的解釋:
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- [Typeclassopedia](http://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/Typeclassopedia)
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### 了解基本的Haskell錯誤訊息
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- [Understanding basic error messages](http://ics.p.lodz.pl/~stolarek/_media/pl:research:stolarek_understanding_basic_haskell_error_messages.pdf)
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---
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# Laziness, strictness, guarded recursion
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- [Marlow關於平行與同步的書](http://chimera.labs.oreilly.com/books/1230000000929/ch02.html)中,關於laziness與normal form的介紹
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是我所看過最好的。如果沒有立即理解,不妨搭配以下補充材料。
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- [More points for lazy evaluation](http://augustss.blogspot.hu/2011/05/more-points-for-lazy-evaluation-in.html)
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- [Oh my laziness!](http://alpmestan.com/posts/2013-10-02-oh-my-laziness.html)
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- SO上的討論串'[Does haskell have laziness?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/13042353/does-haskell-have-tail-recursive-optimization)'
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- [Johan Tibell](https://github.com/tibbe)'在[reasoning about laziness](http://www.slideshare.net/tibbe/reasoning-about-laziness)這個演講的投影片
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## 演示
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```haskell
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let a = 1 : a -- guarded recursion, (:) is lazy and can be pattern matched.
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let (v : _) = a
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> v
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1
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> head a -- head a == v
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1
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let a = 1 * a -- not guarded, (*) is strict
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> a
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*** Exception: <<loop>>
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```
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# IO
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- [Evaluation order and State tokens](https://www.fpcomplete.com/user/snoyberg/general-haskell/advanced/evaluation-order-and-state-tokens)
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- [Unraveling the mystery of the IO monad](http://blog.ezyang.com/2011/05/unraveling-the-mystery-of-the-io-monad/).
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- [First class "statements"](http://blog.jle.im/entry/first-class-statements).
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- [Haddocks for System.IO.Unsafe.unsafePerformIO](http://hackage.haskell.org/package/base-4.7.0.1/docs/System-IO-Unsafe.html#v:unsafePerformIO)
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請讀unsafeDupablePerformIO的文件和實作筆記。
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`glaebhoerl`在Reddit討論串的留言:
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> 有趣的補充筆記: GHC需要將state token representation隱藏在抽象的IO型別後面,
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> 因為state token必須線性地使用,不能複製或丟棄,但型別系統無法強制這件事。
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> 某個乾淨、lazy、類似Haskell的語言的型別有uniqueness特性(類似linear type,但可能有些
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> 我沒意識到的細微差別),為了方便,它直接暴露World-passing並提供非抽象的IO monad。
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# Monads and monad transformers
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> 在你了解typeclasses、Monoid、Functor和Applicative之前,請不要做下列練習!
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嘗試自行實作標準函式庫中的monads(List、Maybe、Cont、Error、Reader、Writer、State),可以讓你
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更了解它們。再來,不妨嘗試用下述技術實作一個小型expression language的monadic直譯器:
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[Monad Transformers Step by Step](http://catamorph.de/documents/Transformers.pdf)(在下列monad transformer章節亦有提及)
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透過用不同的monad改變語意,從而產生不同的直譯器,help convey what's going on。
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- [Tony的演講](https://vimeo.com/73648150)完美演繹為何需要monad transformer,
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[投影片在此](https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/7810909/talks/monad-transformers/cbaa991e0eb49224eb286c1e418e2b9828e1fb21/monad-transformers.pdf).
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再來,實作`Control.Monad`中的函數,例如:`mapM`或`sequence`是個練習撰寫generic monadic code的好機會。
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前面提到過的NICTA課程也可以用來當這個過程的指南,它也包括了如何撰寫你自己的Applicative。
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Credits:
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- Reddit上htmltyp和Crandom的[留言](http://www.reddit.com/r/haskell/comments/29eke6/basic_program_ideas_for_learning_about_monads/cik5aj6)。
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- Reddit上jozefg[的留言](http://www.reddit.com/r/haskell/comments/29eke6/basic_program_ideas_for_learning_about_monads/cik5trg)。
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## Monad transformers
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- [A gentle introduction to Monad Transformers](https://github.com/kqr/gists/blob/master/articles/gentle-introduction-monad-transformers.md)。
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- [Monad Transformers Step by Step](http://catamorph.de/documents/Transformers.pdf)
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# Testing, tests, specs, generative/property testing
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- Kazu Yamamoto的[這篇教學](https://github.com/kazu-yamamoto/unit-test-example/blob/master/markdown/en/tutorial.md)堪稱典範!
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- [Simple-Conduit](https://github.com/jwiegley/simple-conduit):這個簡單的函式庫對於學習IO串流如何工作很有幫助,
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所學亦可應用在其他函式庫,例如Pipes和Conduit。
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# Parsing in Haskell
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- Parser combinator [tutorial](https://github.com/JakeWheat/intro_to_parsing)
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for Haskell using Parsec
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- [Writing your own micro-Parsec](http://olenhad.me/articles/monadic-parsers/)
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## Parsing與產生JSON
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Aeson是Haskell標準的[JSON](https://json.org)parsing解決方案。你可以從[hackage](https://hackage.haskell.org/package/aeson)或[github](https://github.com/bos/aeson)取得。
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- [Parsing JSON using Aeson](http://blog.raynes.me/blog/2012/11/27/easy-json-parsing-in-haskell-with-aeson/)
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|
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- [Aeson and user created types](http://bitemyapp.com/posts/2014-04-11-aeson-and-user-created-types.html)
|
||
|
||
- [Parsing non-deterministic data with aeson and sum types](http://bitemyapp.com/posts/2014-04-17-parsing-nondeterministic-data-with-aeson-and-sum-types.html)
|
||
|
||
- [Aeson教學](https://www.fpcomplete.com/school/starting-with-haskell/libraries-and-frameworks/text-manipulation/json)
|
||
|
||
# 圖學演算法與資料結構
|
||
|
||
- [fgl套件](https://hackage.haskell.org/package/fgl)。純函數式的最短路徑[演算法](http://hackage.haskell.org/package/fgl-5.4.2.2/docs/Data-Graph-Inductive-Query-SP.html)值得一看。
|
||
|
||
- [Inductive graphs and Functional Graph Algorithms](http://web.engr.oregonstate.edu/~erwig/papers/abstracts.html#JFP01).
|
||
|
||
- [FGL/Haskell - A Functional Graph Library](http://web.engr.oregonstate.edu/~erwig/fgl/haskell/old/fgl0103.pdf).
|
||
|
||
- [Containers套件中的Data.Graph源碼](http://hackage.haskell.org/package/containers-0.5.5.1/docs/Data-Graph.html).
|
||
|
||
- [graphs套件](https://hackage.haskell.org/package/graphs).
|
||
|
||
- [SO關於PHOAS的討論串](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/24369954/separate-positive-and-negative-occurrences-of-phoas-variables-in-presence-of-rec)
|
||
|
||
- [免費的PHOAS](https://www.fpcomplete.com/user/edwardk/phoas).
|
||
|
||
- [Tying the Knot](http://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/Tying_the_Knot).
|
||
|
||
- [Hackage: dag](https://hackage.haskell.org/package/dag).
|
||
|
||
# 開發環境
|
||
|
||
## Emacs
|
||
|
||
- [Alejandro Serras's tutorial](https://github.com/serras/emacs-haskell-tutorial/blob/master/tutorial.md)
|
||
|
||
- [My dotfiles](https://github.com/bitemyapp/dotfiles/)
|
||
|
||
- [Chris Done's emacs config](https://github.com/chrisdone/chrisdone-emacs)
|
||
|
||
## Vim
|
||
|
||
- [Vim page on haskellwiki](http://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/Vim)
|
||
|
||
- [Haskell-vim-now](https://github.com/begriffs/haskell-vim-now)
|
||
|
||
- [A vim+haskell workflow](http://www.stephendiehl.com/posts/vim_haskell.html)
|
||
|
||
- [GHC-Mod](https://github.com/kazu-yamamoto/ghc-mod)
|
||
|
||
- [GHC-Mod vim plugin](https://github.com/eagletmt/ghcmod-vim)
|
||
|
||
- [Hindent](https://github.com/chrisdone/hindent)
|
||
|
||
## Sublime Text
|
||
|
||
- [SublimeHaskell](https://github.com/SublimeHaskell/SublimeHaskell)
|
||
|
||
# Cabal常見問答
|
||
|
||
## 一篇超讚的常見問答
|
||
|
||
不但對各種主題都有很好的導覽,也包含了Cabal的一些重要基礎。
|
||
- [What I wish I knew when learning Haskell](http://dev.stephendiehl.com/hask/)
|
||
|
||
## Cabal導覽
|
||
在引入沙箱(sandbox)前,Cabal地獄(Cabal Hell)對所有Haskell使用者來說都是一大問題。
|
||
在沙箱外安裝的套件會直接裝在你的用戶套件資料庫(user pacakge-db)中。除非是常用的基礎套件,
|
||
例如Cabal、alex、happy等,這絕不是個好方法。除非你很清楚你自己在做什麼,任何套件都不該
|
||
安裝在用戶資料褲或全域資料庫(global package-db)。
|
||
|
||
這裏有些如何避免Cabal地獄的[最佳指南](http://softwaresimply.blogspot.com/2014/07/haskell-best-practices-for-avoiding.html)。
|
||
|
||
如果要實驗新套件,或是起始新專案,在一個新目錄中執行`cabal sandbox init`。
|
||
|
||
簡言之:
|
||
|
||
- 無論是安裝新套件、建置新舊專案、做任何實驗,請用沙箱。
|
||
- 用`cabal repl`來啟動project-scoped ghci實體。
|
||
|
||
我所建議這種以沙箱為基礎的方式,應該可以避免套件相依性的問題。但這與Haskell Platform提供
|
||
預先編譯套件的方法不相容。如果你還在學習Haskell,而且不太了解ghc-pkg和Cabal如何運作,
|
||
*不要用Haskell Platform*,改用前面所提的安裝方式。
|
||
|
||
## Stackage
|
||
|
||
如果你面臨一些建置上的問題(特別是Yesod),不妨考慮用Stackage:
|
||
|
||
- [Stackage是什麼](https://www.fpcomplete.com/blog/2014/05/stackage-server)
|
||
|
||
據作者所言,Stackage通常比`cabal freeze`更實用。
|
||
|
||
# Hoogle與Haddock
|
||
|
||
## 依型別表述搜尋源碼
|
||
|
||
[Hoogle搜尋引擎](http://www.haskell.org/hoogle/)可依型別搜尋。
|
||
|
||
比方說,請看以下搜尋`(a -> b) -> [a] -> [b]`的結果:
|
||
|
||
[搜尋結果](http://www.haskell.org/hoogle/?hoogle=%28a+-%3E+b%29+-%3E+%5ba%5d+-%3E+%5bb%5d).
|
||
|
||
fpcomplete所管理的[在此](https://www.fpcomplete.com/hoogle)。
|
||
|
||
另外[Hayoo](http://holumbus.fh-wedel.de/hayoo/hayoo.html)預設開啟了對所有hackage的搜尋。
|
||
|
||
## 設定你自己本地端的Hoogle
|
||
|
||
詳細方法請看[這篇文章](https://gist.github.com/bitemyapp/3e6a015760775e0679bf)。
|
||
|
||
## Haddock
|
||
|
||
1. 修正你的hackage文件 [Fix your hackage documentation](http://fuuzetsu.co.uk/blog/posts/2014-01-06-Fix-your-Hackage-documentation.html)
|
||
|
||
2. Hackage文件第二版 [Hackage documentation v2](http://fuuzetsu.co.uk/blog/posts/2014-01-06-Hackage-documentation-v2.html)
|
||
|
||
請注意,以上這些文章都*有些過期*,例如:現在Hacakge已支援shiny new info with documentation info and build status.
|
||
|
||
## 真正重要的事
|
||
|
||
為了讓haddocks含入相關套件的文件,你必須在`~/.cabal/config`設立`ducumentation: True`。如果它被設為`False`,或間接被default(`False`)關閉,你會需要刪除並重新安裝所有套件,再產生haddocks。
|
||
|
||
請記住,因為`$pkg`參數會被cabal內插,`html-location`和`content-location`參數*必須以單引號括入*,再插入shell命令或包含在shell腳本中。在Makefile中是不行的,因為它會被當作Make的變數!
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
#! /usr/bin/env sh
|
||
|
||
# 如果把反斜線去掉,你可以把它寫成一行
|
||
cabal haddock --hoogle --hyperlink-source \
|
||
--html-location='http://hackage.haskell.org/package/$pkg/docs' \
|
||
--contents-location='http://hackage.haskell.org/package/$pkg'
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
# TravisCI
|
||
如果你跟我一樣,是[TravisCI](https://travis-ci.org)的超級粉絲,那我*強力建議*你參考[multi-ghc-travis](https://github.com/hvr/multi-ghc-travis)為你的Haskell專案的`travis.yml`設定檔做基礎。
|
||
|
||
# 前端/JavaScript
|
||
我們的選擇多得驚人!我個人推薦三種:
|
||
|
||
* [Haste](http://haste-lang.org/) Haskell至JavaScript的編譯器。a Haskell to JavaScript compiler
|
||
- [Github](https://github.com/valderman/haste-compiler)上的編譯器源碼
|
||
- 範例專案的[精彩展示](http://www.airpair.com/haskell/posts/haskell-tutorial-introduction-to-web-apps)
|
||
|
||
* [GHCJS](https://github.com/ghcjs/ghcjs)
|
||
- GHCJS簡介 [GHCJS Introduction](http://weblog.luite.com/wordpress/?p=14)
|
||
- [Functional Reactive Web Interfaces with GHCJS and Sodium](http://weblog.luite.com/wordpress/?p=127)
|
||
- 用Haskell搭配ghcjs撰寫Atom插件 [Writing Atom plugins in Haskell using ghcjs](http://edsko.net/2015/02/14/atom-haskell/)
|
||
|
||
* [PureScript](http://www.purescript.org/)
|
||
- 不像Haste或GHCJS般是純Haskell,但是Haskller們的熱門選擇
|
||
- 以Haskell實作,亦受Haskell啟發
|
||
- 在瀏覽器上[試試](http://try.purescript.org/)
|
||
- [起步導覽](http://www.christopherbiscardi.com/2014/06/22/getting-started-with-purescript/)
|
||
|
||
## 我用哪一種前端語言?
|
||
|
||
GHCJS和Haste都是純Haskell,GHCJS比Haste能和更多的Haskell套件相容,但這不會影響大多數的前端專案。PureScript並非Haskell,因此無法直接和你的後端分享源碼。
|
||
|
||
GHCJS的執行期payload是最大的,大約100kb (luite正在研究如何解決此問題),Haste則和PureScript差不多。
|
||
|
||
PureScript有最好的JS工具鏈整合(用gulp/grunt/bower),GHCJS和Haste則與Haskell工具鏈整合較佳(例如Cabal)。
|
||
|
||
以上三者都是極佳選擇,大多數的前端專案都適用。
|
||
|
||
# 想要更充分了解laziness、NF、WHNF
|
||
|
||
- [Notes on lambda calculus](https://vec.io/posts/notes-on-lambda-calculus).
|
||
|
||
## 關於lazy lambda calculus的研究論文
|
||
|
||
- [A call by need lambda calculus](http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/wadler/topics/call-by-need.html#need-journal).
|
||
|
||
- [Demonstrating Lambda Calculus Reduction](http://www.itu.dk/~sestoft/papers/sestoft-lamreduce.pdf)
|
||
|
||
- [The lazy lambda calculus](http://www.cs.ox.ac.uk/files/293/lazy.pdf).
|
||
|
||
- [Lazy evaluation of Haskell](http://www.vex.net/~trebla/haskell/lazy.xhtml)
|
||
|
||
# 平行/並行(Parallelism/Concurrency)
|
||
|
||
- [Parallel and Concurrent Programming in Haskell](http://chimera.labs.oreilly.com/books/1230000000929)。在我所讀過的文獻中,Simon Marlow所撰的這本書是此主題的佼佼者。
|
||
|
||
- [這篇教學](http://kukuruku.co/hub/haskell/haskell-testing-a-multithread-application)帶領你一步步學習如何用Haskell測試、漸進開發多緒應用程式。
|
||
|
||
- [Functional Reactive Programming](http://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/Functional_Reactive_Programming)
|
||
|
||
# Lenses and Prisms
|
||
|
||
在你習慣Haskell後,我強烈建議你學習Lenses與Prisms。你不必了解底層的原理,只要當一個使用者,就很受用。
|
||
|
||
大家普遍誤會Lens是個很難用的東西,其實任何一個了解Functor/Foldable/Traversable,甚至只知道Functor的人,都可以運用Lenses與Prisms來讓他們的開發生涯更快樂。
|
||
|
||
如果你曾經做過:`(fmap . fmap)`,你其實已經有Lense的思維了。
|
||
|
||
我推薦以下兩篇教學:
|
||
|
||
- [A little lens starter tutorial](https://www.fpcomplete.com/school/to-infinity-and-beyond/pick-of-the-week/a-little-lens-starter-tutorial)
|
||
|
||
- [Lens: Lenses, Folds and Traversals](https://github.com/ekmett/lens#lens-lenses-folds-and-traversals)
|
||
|
||
詳細資料請看這裡:[Lens package on hackage](http://hackage.haskell.org/package/lens).
|
||
|
||
# 遞迴範式 (Recursion Schemes)
|
||
|
||
你一定聽過些瘋狂的『\*-morphism』,他們其實只是遞迴。在嘗試搞懂前,你應該要先知道如何實作list至少一種其他資料結構的foldr,例如tree (folds叫做catamorphisms)。再進一步瞭解如何在以上資料結構實作unfold (anamorphism)會讓整體知識完善些。
|
||
|
||
以下資料與traversable和foldable的概念相合。
|
||
|
||
- [An introduction to recursion schemes](http://patrickthomson.ghost.io/an-introduction-to-recursion-schemes/)
|
||
|
||
- [Don't fear the cat](http://fho.f12n.de/posts/2014-05-07-dont-fear-the-cat.html) -
|
||
Good demonstration of how hylomorphism is the composition of cata and ana.
|
||
|
||
- [Recursion Schemes](http://comonad.com/reader/2009/recursion-schemes/) - This
|
||
field guide is excellent.
|
||
|
||
- [Functional Programming with Bananas, Lenses, Envelopes and Barbed Wire](http://eprints.eemcs.utwente.nl/7281/01/db-utwente-40501F46.pdf)
|
||
|
||
- [Catamorphisms](https://www.fpcomplete.com/user/edwardk/recursion-schemes/catamorphisms)
|
||
|
||
# GHC核心與效能調校
|
||
|
||
- [Write Haskell as Fast as C](write_haskell_as_fast_as_c.md)
|
||
|
||
- [GHC Wiki: CoreSyn Type](https://ghc.haskell.org/trac/ghc/wiki/Commentary/Compiler/CoreSynType).
|
||
|
||
- [Hackage: GHC Core](https://hackage.haskell.org/package/ghc-core).
|
||
|
||
- [SO Question: Reading GHC Core](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6121146/reading-ghc-core).
|
||
|
||
- [Haskell as fast as C](http://donsbot.wordpress.com/2008/06/04/haskell-as-fast-as-c-working-at-a-high-altitude-for-low-level-performance/).
|
||
|
||
- [Real World Haskell, Chapter 25: Profiling and Optimizations](http://book.realworldhaskell.org/read/profiling-and-optimization.html).
|
||
|
||
# 型別(Type)與範疇論(Category Theory)
|
||
|
||
> 寫Haskell*不用學*,僅供有興趣的人參考!
|
||
|
||
如果你想開始學習型別與範疇論:
|
||
|
||
- [Catster's Guide](http://byorgey.wordpress.com/2014/01/14/catsters-guide/) and
|
||
[Catster's Guide 2](http://byorgey.wordpress.com/catsters-guide-2/)
|
||
|
||
- [haskell wikibook](http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Haskell/Category_theory) 有不錯的圖解。
|
||
|
||
- Haskellwiki上的[Category Theory](http://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/Category_theory)也有不錯的參考資料。
|
||
|
||
- [Categories from scratch](http://science.raphael.poss.name/categories-from-scratch.html),有實例。
|
||
|
||
- Pierce的[Great Works in PL](http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~bcpierce/courses/670Fall04/GreatWorksInPL.shtml)列表。
|
||
|
||
## 書籍
|
||
|
||
- Kmett推薦:[Quora Question: What is the best textbook for category theory?](http://www.quora.com/Category-Theory/What-is-the-best-textbook-for-Category-theory?share=1)
|
||
|
||
- [Awodey](http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199237180.do)和
|
||
[MacLane](http://www.amazon.com/Categories-Working-Mathematician-Graduate-Mathematics/dp/0387984038)。範疇學的標準教科書。
|
||
|
||
- [Harper's Practical Foundations for Programming Languages](http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~rwh/plbook/book.pdf)是我讀過以程式語言角度切入的最佳介紹。
|
||
|
||
- [Type theory and Functional Programming](http://www.cs.kent.ac.uk/people/staff/sjt/TTFP/).
|
||
|
||
## Stephen俏皮的"How to get to monad"文章
|
||
|
||
- [Adjunctions](http://www.stephendiehl.com/posts/adjunctions.html).
|
||
|
||
- [Monads](http://www.stephendiehl.com/posts/monads.html).
|
||
|
||
# 其他有趣的主題
|
||
|
||
## Parametricity, ad-hoc vs. parametric polymorphism, free theorems
|
||
|
||
- [Parametricity](tony_parametricity.pdf).
|
||
|
||
- [TeX sources](https://github.com/tonymorris/parametricity/)上述演講的TeX源。
|
||
|
||
- [Making ad-hoc polymorphism less ad-hoc](http://swizec.com/blog/week-20-making-ad-hoc-polymorphism-less-ad-hoc/swizec/6564).
|
||
|
||
- [Theorems for Free!](http://ttic.uchicago.edu/~dreyer/course/papers/wadler.pdf).
|
||
|
||
## Initial與Final、DSLs、與Tagless
|
||
|
||
- [Final Encodings, Part 1: A Quick Demonstration](http://creativelad.wordpress.com/2013/11/28/final-encodings-part-1-a-quick-demonstration/).
|
||
|
||
- [Transforming Polymorphic Values](http://martijn.van.steenbergen.nl/journal/2009/10/18/transforming-polymorphic-values/).
|
||
|
||
- [GADTs in Haskell 98](http://martijn.van.steenbergen.nl/journal/2009/11/12/gadts-in-haskell-98/).
|
||
|
||
- [Typed Tagless-Final Linear Lambda Calculus](https://www.fpcomplete.com/user/mutjida/typed-tagless-final-linear-lambda-calculus).
|
||
|
||
- [Typed tagless-final interpretations: Lecture notes](http://okmij.org/ftp/tagless-final/course/course.html).
|
||
|
||
- [Typed Tagless Final Interpreters](http://okmij.org/ftp/tagless-final/course/lecture.pdf).
|
||
|
||
- [The dog that didn't bark](http://existentialtype.wordpress.com/2011/03/21/the-dog-that-didnt-bark/)較無相關,但非常有趣。
|
||
|
||
## Comonads
|
||
|
||
- [Comonads in Haskell](https://speakerdeck.com/dmoverton/comonads-in-haskell).
|
||
|
||
- [SO question: Can a Monad be a Comonad](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/16551734/can-a-monad-be-a-comonad).
|
||
|
||
## Yoneda / CoYoneda
|
||
|
||
- [SO question: Step-by-step explanation of coyoneda](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/24000465/step-by-step-deep-explain-the-power-of-coyoneda-preferably-in-scala-throu).
|
||
|
||
- Free monads for Less, Edward Kmett的系列文章
|
||
* [Part 1: Codensity](http://comonad.com/reader/2011/free-monads-for-less/).
|
||
* [Part 2: Yoneda](http://comonad.com/reader/2011/free-monads-for-less-2/).
|
||
* [Part 3: Yielding IO](http://comonad.com/reader/2011/free-monads-for-less-3/).
|
||
|
||
## Propositions vs. Judgments (computation)
|
||
|
||
- [StackExchange question: What is the difference between propositions and judgements](http://cstheory.stackexchange.com/questions/9826/what-is-the-difference-between-propositions-and-judgments).
|
||
|
||
- [Lecture notes from a short, three lecture course](http://www.ae-info.org/attach/User/Martin-L%C3%B6f_Per/OtherInformation/article.pdf)
|
||
|
||
# Dependent typing
|
||
|
||
- [Grokking sum types, value constructors, and type constructors](http://bitemyapp.com/posts/2014-04-05-grokking-sums-and-constructors.html) squint hard.
|
||
|
||
- [Lightweight Dependent-type Programming](http://okmij.org/ftp/Computation/lightweight-dependent-typing.html).
|
||
|
||
- [Idris programming language](http://www.idris-lang.org/).
|
||
|
||
# 靜態連結二元檔Statically linking binaries
|
||
|
||
- [Static linking](https://wiki.haskell.org/Web/Literature/Static_linking)
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- [Static linking with GHC on Arch Linux](http://www.edofic.com/posts/2014-05-03-ghc-arch-static.html)
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- [Statically linking Linux binaries for ARM & MIPS](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/14270177/ghc-statically-linking-linux-binaries-for-arm-mips-processors)
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- [Statically link GMP using GHC and LLVM](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/10539857/statically-link-gmp-to-an-haskell-application-using-ghc-llvm)
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# 補充資料
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> 有部分已在本文提及
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- [Essential Haskell Reading List](http://www.stephendiehl.com/posts/essential_haskell.html)
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## 對話記錄
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> 在[本儲存庫中](dialogues.md)。
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裡面有些非常重要而有幫助的資訊,可協助你深入了解許多不同的議題。
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