Extract secrets from QR codes exported by two-factor authentication apps

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The Python script extract_otp_secrets.py extracts one time password (OTP) secrets from QR codes exported by two-factor authentication (2FA) apps such as "Google Authenticator". The export QR codes from authentication apps can be provided in three ways to this script:

1. Capture from the system camera in a GUI,
2. Image files containing the QR codes, and
3. Text files containing the QR code data generated by QR readers.

The secret and otp values can be exported to json or csv files, as well as printed or saved to PNG images.

This script/project was renamed from extract_otp_secret_keys to extract_otp_secrets in version 2.0.0.

Installation

git clone https://github.com/scito/extract_otp_secrets.git
cd extract_otp_secrets
pip install -U -r requirements.txt

python src/extract_otp_secrets.py example_export.txt

In case this script is not starting properly, the debug mode can be activated by adding parameter -d in the command line.

Installation of shared system libraries

For reading QR codes with ZBAR QR reader, the zbar library must be installed. If you do not use the ZBAR QR reader, you do not need to install the zbar shared library. Note: The ZBAR QR reader is the showed for me the best results and is thus default QR Reader.

For a detailed installation documentation of pyzbar.

Linux (Debian, Ubuntu, ...)

sudo apt-get install libzbar0

Linux (OpenSUSE)

sudo zypper install libzbar0

Linux (Fedora)

sudo dnf install libzbar0

Mac OS X

brew install zbar

Windows

zbar

The zbar DLLs are included with the Windows Python wheels. However, you might need additionally to install Visual C++ Redistributable Packages for Visual Studio 2013. Install vcredist_x64.exe if using 64-bit Python, vcredist_x86.exe if using 32-bit Python. For more information see pyzbar

OpenCV

OpenCV requires Visual C++ redistributable 2015. For more information see opencv-python

Usage

Capture QR codes from camera (since version 2.0.0)

1. Open "Google Authenticator" app on the mobile phone

2. Export the QR codes from "Google Authenticator" app

3. Point the QR codes to the camera of your computer

4. Call this script without infile parameters:

   python src/extract_otp_secrets.py

With builtin QR decoder from image files (since version 2.0.0)

1. Open "Google Authenticator" app on the mobile phone

2. Export the QR codes from "Google Authenticator" app

3. Save the QR code as image file, e.g. example_export.png

4. Transfer the images files to the computer where his script is installed.

5. Call this script with the file as input:

   python src/extract_otp_secrets.py example_export.png

With external QR decoder app from text files

1. Open "Google Authenticator" app on the mobile phone

2. Export the QR codes from "Google Authenticator" app

3. Read QR codes with a QR code reader (e.g. from another phone)

4. Save the captured QR codes in the QR code reader to a text file, e.g. example_export.txt. Save each QR code on a new line. (The captured QR codes look like otpauth-migration://offline?data=...)

5. Transfer the file to the computer where his script is installed.

6. Call this script with the file as input:

   python src/extract_otp_secrets.py example_export.txt

Program help: arguments and options

usage: extract_otp_secrets.py [-h] [--csv FILE] [--keepass FILE] [--json FILE] [--printqr] [--saveqr DIR] [--camera NUMBER] [--qr {ZBAR,QREADER,QREADER_DEEP,CV2,CV2_WECHAT}] [-i] [--no-color] [-d | -v | -q] [infile ...]

Extracts one time password (OTP) secrets from QR codes exported by two-factor authentication (2FA) apps
If no infiles are provided, a GUI window starts and QR codes are captured from the camera.

positional arguments:
  infile                        a) file or - for stdin with 'otpauth-migration://...' URLs separated by newlines, lines starting with # are ignored;
                                b) image file containing a QR code or = for stdin for an image containing a QR code

options:
  -h, --help                    show this help message and exit
  --csv FILE, -c FILE           export csv file or - for stdout
  --keepass FILE, -k FILE       export totp/hotp csv file(s) for KeePass, - for stdout
  --json FILE, -j FILE          export json file or - for stdout
  --printqr, -p                 print QR code(s) as text to the terminal (requires qrcode module)
  --saveqr DIR, -s DIR          save QR code(s) as images to the given folder (requires qrcode module)
  --camera NUMBER, -C NUMBER    camera number of system (default camera: 0)
  --qr {ZBAR,QREADER,QREADER_DEEP,CV2,CV2_WECHAT}, -Q {ZBAR,QREADER,QREADER_DEEP,CV2,CV2_WECHAT}
                                QR reader (default: ZBAR)
  -i, --ignore                  ignore duplicate otps
  --no-color, -n                do not use ANSI colors in console output
  -d, --debug                   enter debug mode, do checks and quit
  -v, --verbose                 verbose output
  -q, --quiet                   no stdout output, except output set by -

examples:
python extract_otp_secrets.py
python extract_otp_secrets.py example_*.txt
python extract_otp_secrets.py - < example_export.txt
python extract_otp_secrets.py --csv - example_*.png | tail -n+2
python extract_otp_secrets.py = < example_export.png

Examples

Printing otp secrets form text file

python src/extract_otp_secrets.py example_export.txt

Printing otp secrets from image file

python src/extract_otp_secrets.py example_export.png

Printing otp secrets multiple files

python src/extract_otp_secrets.py example_*.txt
python src/extract_otp_secrets.py example_*.png
python src/extract_otp_secrets.py example_export.*
python src/extract_otp_secrets.py example_*.txt example_*.png

Printing otp secrets from stdin (text)

python src/extract_otp_secrets.py - < example_export.txt

Printing otp secrets from stdin (image)

python src/extract_otp_secrets.py = < example_export.png

Printing otp secrets csv to stdout

python src/extract_otp_secrets.py --csv - example_export.txt

Printing otp secrets csv to stdout without header line

python src/extract_otp_secrets.py --csv - example_*.png | tail -n+2

Reading from stdin and printing to stdout

cat example_*.txt | python src/extract_otp_secrets.py --csv - - | tail -n+2

Features

• Free and open source
• Supports Google Authenticator exports (and compatible apps like Aegis Authenticator)
• Captures the the QR codes directly from the camera using different QR code libraries (based on OpenCV)
  • ZBAR: pyzbar - fast and reliable, good for images and video capture (default and recommended)
  • QREADER: QReader
  • QREADER_DEEP: QReader - very slow in GUI
  • CV2: QRCodeDetector
  • CV2_WECHAT: WeChatQRCode
• Supports TOTP and HOTP standards
• Generates QR codes
• Exports to various formats:
  • CSV
  • JSON
  • Dedicated CSV for KeePass
  • QR code images
• Supports reading from stdin and writing to stdout, thus pipes can be used
• Reads QR codes images: (See OpenCV docu)
  • Portable Network Graphics - *.png
  • WebP - *.webp
  • JPEG files - *.jpeg, *.jpg, *.jpe
  • TIFF files - *.tiff, *.tif
  • Windows bitmaps - *.bmp, *.dib
  • JPEG 2000 files - *.jp2
  • Portable image format - *.pbm, *.pgm, *.ppm *.pxm, *.pnm
• Prints errors and warnings to stderr
• Prints colored output
• Many ways to run the script:
  • Native Python
  • pipenv
  • pip
  • venv
  • Docker
  • VSCode devcontainer
  • devbox
• Prebuilt Docker images provided for amd64 and arm64
• Compatible with major platforms:
  • Linux
  • macOS
  • Windows
• Uses UTF-8 on all platforms
• Supports Python >= 3.7
• Provides a debug mode (-d) for analyzing import problems
• Written in modern Python using type hints and following best practices
• All these features are backed by tests ran nightly
• All functionality in one Python script: src/extract_otp_secrets.py (except protobuf generated code in protobuf_generated_python)

KeePass

KeePass 2.51 (released in May 2022) and newer support the generation of OTPs (TOTP and HOTP).

KeePass can generate the second factor password (2FA) if the OTP secret is stored in TimeOtp-Secret-Base32 string field for TOTP or HmacOtp-Secret-Base32 string field for HOTP. You view or edit them in entry dialog on the 'Advanced' tab page.

KeePass provides menu commands in the main window for generating one-time passwords ('Copy HMAC-Based OTP', 'Show HMAC-Based OTP', 'Copy Time-Based OTP', 'Show Time-Based OTP'). Furthermore, one-time passwords can be generated during auto-type using the {HMACOTP} and {TIMEOTP} placeholders.

In order to simplify the usage of the second factor password generation in KeePass a specific KeePass CSV export is available with option -keepass or -k. This KeePass CSV file can be imported by the "Generic CSV Importer" of KeePass.

If TOTP and HOTP entries have to be exported, then two files with an intermediate suffix .totp or .hotp will be added to the KeePass export filename.

Example:

• Only TOTP entries to export and parameter --keepass example_keepass_output.csv
  → example_keepass_output.csv with TOTP entries will be exported
• Only HOTP entries to export and parameter --keepass example_keepass_output.csv
  → example_keepass_output.csv with HOTP entries will be exported
• If both TOTP and HOTP entries to export and parameter --keepass example_keepass_output.csv
  → example_keepass_output.totp.csv with TOTP entries will be exported
  → example_keepass_output.hotp.csv with HOTP entries will be exported

Import CSV with TOTP entries in KeePass as

• Title
• User Name
• String (TimeOtp-Secret-Base32)
• Group (/)

Import CSV with HOTP entries in KeePass as

• Title
• User Name
• String (HmacOtp-Secret-Base32)
• String (HmacOtp-Counter)
• Group (/)

KeePass can be used as a backup for one time passwords (second factor) from the mobile phone.

Technical background

The export QR code of "Google Authenticator" contains the URL otpauth-migration://offline?data=.... The data parameter is a base64 encoded proto3 message (Google Protocol Buffers).

Command for regeneration of Python code from proto3 message definition file (only necessary in case of changes of the proto3 message definition or new protobuf versions):

protoc --plugin=protoc-gen-mypy=path/to/protoc-gen-mypy --python_out=src/protobuf_generated_python --mypy_out=src/protobuf_generated_python src/google_auth.proto

The generated protobuf Python code was generated by protoc 21.12 (https://github.com/protocolbuffers/protobuf/releases/tag/v21.12).

For Python type hint generation the mypy-protobuf package is used.

References

• Proto3 documentation: https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/docs/pythontutorial
• Template code: https://github.com/beemdevelopment/Aegis/pull/406

Glossary

• OTP = One-time password
• TOTP = Time-based one-time password
• HOTP = HMAC-based one-time password (using a counter)
• 2FA = Second factor authentication
• TFA = Two factor authentication
• QR code = Quick response code

Alternative installation methods

pip

pip install -U git+https://github.com/scito/extract_otp_secrets
python -m extract_otp_secrets

or from a specific tag

pip install -U git+https://github.com/scito/extract_otp_secrets.git@v2.0.0
python -m extract_otp_secrets
curl -s https://raw.githubusercontent.com/scito/extract_otp_secrets/master/example_export.txt | python -m extract_otp_secrets -

local pip

git clone https://github.com/scito/extract_otp_secrets.git
pip install -U -e extract_otp_secrets
python -m extract_otp_secrets example_export.txt

pipenv

You can you use Pipenv for running extract_otp_secrets.

pipenv --rm
pipenv install
pipenv shell
python src/extract_otp_secrets.py example_export.txt

Visual Studio Code Remote - Containers / VSCode devcontainer

You can you use VSCode devcontainer for running extract_otp_secrets.

Requirement: Docker

1. Start VSCode
2. Open extract_otp_secrets.code-workspace
3. Open VSCode command palette (Ctrl-Shift-P)
4. Type command "Remote-Containers: Reopen in Container"
5. Open integrated bash terminal in VSCode
6. Execute: python src/extract_otp_secrets.py example_export.txt

venv

Alternatively, you can use a python virtual env for the dependencies:

python -m venv venv
. venv/bin/activate
pip install -U -r requirements-dev.txt
pip install -U -r requirements.txt

The requirements*.txt files contain all the dependencies (also the optional ones). To leave the python virtual env just call deactivate.

devbox

Install devbox, which is a wrapper for nix. Then enter the environment with Python and the packages installed with:

devbox shell

docker

Install Docker.

Prebuilt docker images are available for amd64 and arm64 architectures on Docker Hub and on GitHub Packages.

Extracting from an QR image file:

docker login -u USERNAME
curl -s https://raw.githubusercontent.com/scito/extract_otp_secrets/master/example_export.png | docker run --pull always -i --rm -v "$(pwd)":/files:ro scit0/extract_otp_secrets =

Capturing from camera in GUI (X Window system required on host):

docker run --pull always --rm -v "$(pwd)":/files:ro -i --device="/dev/video0:/dev/video0" --env="DISPLAY" -v /tmp/.X11-unix:/tmp/.X11-unix:ro scit0/extract_otp_secrets

If only text processing is required, there is a small Image based on Alpine Linux:

curl -s https://raw.githubusercontent.com/scito/extract_otp_secrets/master/example_export.txt | docker run --pull always -i --rm -v "$(pwd)":/files:ro scit0/extract_otp_secrets:latest-only-txt -

Docker image from GitHub:

docker login ghcr.io -u USERNAME
curl -s https://raw.githubusercontent.com/scito/extract_otp_secrets/master/example_export.png | docker run --pull always -i --rm -v "$(pwd)":/files:ro ghcr.io/scito/extract_otp_secrets =

More docker examples

docker run --pull always --rm -v "$(pwd)":/files:ro scit0/extract_otp_secrets example_export.png

docker run --pull always --rm -i -v "$(pwd)":/files:ro scit0/extract_otp_secrets_only_txt - < example_export.txt

cat example_export.txt | docker run --pull always --rm -i -v "$(pwd)":/files:ro scit0/extract_otp_secrets:latest_only_txt - -c - > example_out.csv

Tests

PyTest

The script is covered by pytests, see extract_otp_secrets_test.py.

Run tests:

pytest

or

python -m pytest

Hints

Your tests can run against an installed version after executing pip install .

Your tests can run against the local copy with an editable install after executing pip install --editable .

If you don’t use an editable install and are relying on the fact that Python by default puts the current directory in sys.path to import your package, you can execute python -m pytest to execute the tests against the local copy directly, without using pip.

https://docs.pytest.org/en/7.1.x/explanation/pythonpath.html#pytest-vs-python-m-pytest

unittest

There are some unittests, see extract_otp_secrets_txt_unit_test.py.

Run tests:

python -m unittest

Note the pytests are preferred and complete. For each unittest there is also a test in pytest.

VSCode Setup

Setup for running the tests in VSCode.

1. Open VSCode command palette (Ctrl-Shift-P)
2. Type command "Python: Configure Tests"
3. Choose unittest or pytest. (pytest is recommended, both are supported)
4. Set ". Root" directory

Development

Build

pip install -U -e .
python src/extract_otp_secrets.py

pip wheel .

Note: python -m build --wheel = pip wheel --no-deps .

Upgrade pip Packages

pip install -U -r requirements.txt

Build docker images

Build and run the app within the container:

docker build . -t extract_otp_secrets --pull --build-arg RUN_TESTS=false

docker build . -t extract_otp_secrets_only_txt --pull -f Dockerfile_only_txt --build-arg RUN_TESTS=false

Run tests in docker container:

docker run --entrypoint /extract/run_pytest.sh --rm -v "$(pwd)":/files:ro extract_otp_secrets

docker run --entrypoint /extract/run_pytest.sh --rm -v "$(pwd)":/files:ro extract_otp_secrets_only_txt extract_otp_secrets_test.py -k "not qreader" --relaxed

Issues

• Known issue for macOS: https://github.com/opencv/opencv/issues/23072

Problems and Troubleshooting

Windows error message

If you see an ugly ImportError on Windows you will most likely need the Visual C++ Redistributable Packages for Visual Studio 2013. Install vcredist_x64.exe if using 64-bit Python, vcredist_x86.exe if using 32-bit Python.

This library shared library is required by pyzbar.

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.11_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python311\site-packages\pyzbar\zbar_library.py", line 58, in load
    dependencies, libzbar = load_objects(Path(''))
                            ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.11_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python311\site-packages\pyzbar\zbar_library.py", line 50, in load_objects
    deps = [
           ^
  File "C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.11_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python311\site-packages\pyzbar\zbar_library.py", line 51, in <listcomp>
    cdll.LoadLibrary(str(directory.joinpath(dep)))
  File "C:\Program Files\WindowsApps\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.11_3.11.496.0_x64__qbz5n2kfra8p0\Lib\ctypes\__init__.py", line 454, in LoadLibrary
    return self._dlltype(name)
           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "C:\Program Files\WindowsApps\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.11_3.11.496.0_x64__qbz5n2kfra8p0\Lib\ctypes\__init__.py", line 376, in __init__
    self._handle = _dlopen(self._name, mode)
                   ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
FileNotFoundError: Could not find module 'libiconv.dll' (or one of its dependencies). Try using the full path with constructor syntax.

Related projects

• ZBar is an open source software suite for reading bar codes from various sources, including webcams.
• Aegis Authenticator is a free, secure and open source 2FA app for Android.
• Android OTP Extractor can extract your tokens from popular Android OTP apps and export them in a standard format or just display them as QR codes for easy importing. [Requires a rooted Android phone.]
• Python QReader
• pyzbar
• OpenCV (CV2) Open Source Computer Vision library with opencv-python

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