package acme import ( "crypto" "crypto/sha256" "crypto/subtle" "crypto/tls" "encoding/asn1" "encoding/base64" "encoding/hex" "encoding/json" "fmt" "io/ioutil" "net" "net/http" "strings" "time" "github.com/pkg/errors" "github.com/smallstep/certificates/authority/provisioner" "github.com/smallstep/cli/jose" "github.com/smallstep/nosql" ) // Challenge is a subset of the challenge type containing only those attributes // required for responses in the ACME protocol. type Challenge struct { Type string `json:"type"` Status string `json:"status"` Token string `json:"token"` Validated string `json:"validated,omitempty"` URL string `json:"url"` Error *AError `json:"error,omitempty"` ID string `json:"-"` AuthzID string `json:"-"` } // ToLog enables response logging. func (c *Challenge) ToLog() (interface{}, error) { b, err := json.Marshal(c) if err != nil { return nil, ServerInternalErr(errors.Wrap(err, "error marshaling challenge for logging")) } return string(b), nil } // GetID returns the Challenge ID. func (c *Challenge) GetID() string { return c.ID } // GetAuthzID returns the parent Authz ID that owns the Challenge. func (c *Challenge) GetAuthzID() string { return c.AuthzID } type httpGetter func(string) (*http.Response, error) type lookupTxt func(string) ([]string, error) type tlsDialer func(network, addr string, config *tls.Config) (*tls.Conn, error) type validateOptions struct { httpGet httpGetter lookupTxt lookupTxt tlsDial tlsDialer } // challenge is the interface ACME challenege types must implement. type challenge interface { save(db nosql.DB, swap challenge) error validate(nosql.DB, *jose.JSONWebKey, validateOptions) (challenge, error) getType() string getError() *AError getValue() string getStatus() string getID() string getAuthzID() string getToken() string clone() *baseChallenge getAccountID() string getValidated() time.Time getCreated() time.Time toACME(nosql.DB, *directory, provisioner.Interface) (*Challenge, error) } // ChallengeOptions is the type used to created a new Challenge. type ChallengeOptions struct { AccountID string AuthzID string Identifier Identifier } // baseChallenge is the base Challenge type that others build from. type baseChallenge struct { ID string `json:"id"` AccountID string `json:"accountID"` AuthzID string `json:"authzID"` Type string `json:"type"` Status string `json:"status"` Token string `json:"token"` Value string `json:"value"` Validated time.Time `json:"validated"` Created time.Time `json:"created"` Error *AError `json:"error"` } func newBaseChallenge(accountID, authzID string) (*baseChallenge, error) { id, err := randID() if err != nil { return nil, Wrap(err, "error generating random id for ACME challenge") } token, err := randID() if err != nil { return nil, Wrap(err, "error generating token for ACME challenge") } return &baseChallenge{ ID: id, AccountID: accountID, AuthzID: authzID, Status: StatusPending, Token: token, Created: clock.Now(), }, nil } // getID returns the id of the baseChallenge. func (bc *baseChallenge) getID() string { return bc.ID } // getAuthzID returns the authz ID of the baseChallenge. func (bc *baseChallenge) getAuthzID() string { return bc.AuthzID } // getAccountID returns the account id of the baseChallenge. func (bc *baseChallenge) getAccountID() string { return bc.AccountID } // getType returns the type of the baseChallenge. func (bc *baseChallenge) getType() string { return bc.Type } // getValue returns the type of the baseChallenge. func (bc *baseChallenge) getValue() string { return bc.Value } // getStatus returns the status of the baseChallenge. func (bc *baseChallenge) getStatus() string { return bc.Status } // getToken returns the token of the baseChallenge. func (bc *baseChallenge) getToken() string { return bc.Token } // getValidated returns the validated time of the baseChallenge. func (bc *baseChallenge) getValidated() time.Time { return bc.Validated } // getCreated returns the created time of the baseChallenge. func (bc *baseChallenge) getCreated() time.Time { return bc.Created } // getCreated returns the created time of the baseChallenge. func (bc *baseChallenge) getError() *AError { return bc.Error } // toACME converts the internal Challenge type into the public acmeChallenge // type for presentation in the ACME protocol. func (bc *baseChallenge) toACME(db nosql.DB, dir *directory, p provisioner.Interface) (*Challenge, error) { ac := &Challenge{ Type: bc.getType(), Status: bc.getStatus(), Token: bc.getToken(), URL: dir.getLink(ChallengeLink, URLSafeProvisionerName(p), true, bc.getID()), ID: bc.getID(), AuthzID: bc.getAuthzID(), } if !bc.Validated.IsZero() { ac.Validated = bc.Validated.Format(time.RFC3339) } if bc.Error != nil { ac.Error = bc.Error } return ac, nil } // save writes the challenge to disk. For new challenges 'old' should be nil, // otherwise 'old' should be a pointer to the acme challenge as it was at the // start of the request. This method will fail if the value currently found // in the bucket/row does not match the value of 'old'. func (bc *baseChallenge) save(db nosql.DB, old challenge) error { newB, err := json.Marshal(bc) if err != nil { return ServerInternalErr(errors.Wrap(err, "error marshaling new acme challenge")) } var oldB []byte if old == nil { oldB = nil } else { oldB, err = json.Marshal(old) if err != nil { return ServerInternalErr(errors.Wrap(err, "error marshaling old acme challenge")) } } _, swapped, err := db.CmpAndSwap(challengeTable, []byte(bc.ID), oldB, newB) switch { case err != nil: return ServerInternalErr(errors.Wrap(err, "error saving acme challenge")) case !swapped: return ServerInternalErr(errors.New("error saving acme challenge; " + "acme challenge has changed since last read")) default: return nil } } func (bc *baseChallenge) clone() *baseChallenge { u := *bc return &u } func (bc *baseChallenge) validate(db nosql.DB, jwk *jose.JSONWebKey, vo validateOptions) (challenge, error) { return nil, ServerInternalErr(errors.New("unimplemented")) } func (bc *baseChallenge) storeError(db nosql.DB, err *Error) error { clone := bc.clone() clone.Error = err.ToACME() return clone.save(db, bc) } // unmarshalChallenge unmarshals a challenge type into the correct sub-type. func unmarshalChallenge(data []byte) (challenge, error) { var getType struct { Type string `json:"type"` } if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &getType); err != nil { return nil, ServerInternalErr(errors.Wrap(err, "error unmarshaling challenge type")) } switch getType.Type { case "dns-01": var bc baseChallenge if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &bc); err != nil { return nil, ServerInternalErr(errors.Wrap(err, "error unmarshaling "+ "challenge type into dns01Challenge")) } return &dns01Challenge{&bc}, nil case "http-01": var bc baseChallenge if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &bc); err != nil { return nil, ServerInternalErr(errors.Wrap(err, "error unmarshaling "+ "challenge type into http01Challenge")) } return &http01Challenge{&bc}, nil case "tls-alpn-01": var bc baseChallenge if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &bc); err != nil { return nil, ServerInternalErr(errors.Wrap(err, "error unmarshaling "+ "challenge type into tlsALPN01Challenge")) } return &tlsALPN01Challenge{&bc}, nil default: return nil, ServerInternalErr(errors.Errorf("unexpected challenge type %s", getType.Type)) } } // http01Challenge represents an http-01 acme challenge. type http01Challenge struct { *baseChallenge } // newHTTP01Challenge returns a new acme http-01 challenge. func newHTTP01Challenge(db nosql.DB, ops ChallengeOptions) (challenge, error) { bc, err := newBaseChallenge(ops.AccountID, ops.AuthzID) if err != nil { return nil, err } bc.Type = "http-01" bc.Value = ops.Identifier.Value hc := &http01Challenge{bc} if err := hc.save(db, nil); err != nil { return nil, err } return hc, nil } // Validate attempts to validate the challenge. If the challenge has been // satisfactorily validated, the 'status' and 'validated' attributes are // updated. func (hc *http01Challenge) validate(db nosql.DB, jwk *jose.JSONWebKey, vo validateOptions) (challenge, error) { // If already valid or invalid then return without performing validation. if hc.getStatus() == StatusValid || hc.getStatus() == StatusInvalid { return hc, nil } url := fmt.Sprintf("http://%s/.well-known/acme-challenge/%s", hc.Value, hc.Token) resp, err := vo.httpGet(url) if err != nil { if err = hc.storeError(db, ConnectionErr(errors.Wrapf(err, "error doing http GET for url %s", url))); err != nil { return nil, err } return hc, nil } if resp.StatusCode >= 400 { if err = hc.storeError(db, ConnectionErr(errors.Errorf("error doing http GET for url %s with status code %d", url, resp.StatusCode))); err != nil { return nil, err } return hc, nil } defer resp.Body.Close() body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(resp.Body) if err != nil { return nil, ServerInternalErr(errors.Wrapf(err, "error reading "+ "response body for url %s", url)) } keyAuth := strings.Trim(string(body), "\r\n") expected, err := KeyAuthorization(hc.Token, jwk) if err != nil { return nil, err } if keyAuth != expected { if err = hc.storeError(db, RejectedIdentifierErr(errors.Errorf("keyAuthorization does not match; "+ "expected %s, but got %s", expected, keyAuth))); err != nil { return nil, err } return hc, nil } // Update and store the challenge. upd := &http01Challenge{hc.baseChallenge.clone()} upd.Status = StatusValid upd.Error = nil upd.Validated = clock.Now() if err := upd.save(db, hc); err != nil { return nil, err } return upd, nil } type tlsALPN01Challenge struct { *baseChallenge } // newTLSALPN01Challenge returns a new acme tls-alpn-01 challenge. func newTLSALPN01Challenge(db nosql.DB, ops ChallengeOptions) (challenge, error) { bc, err := newBaseChallenge(ops.AccountID, ops.AuthzID) if err != nil { return nil, err } bc.Type = "tls-alpn-01" bc.Value = ops.Identifier.Value hc := &tlsALPN01Challenge{bc} if err := hc.save(db, nil); err != nil { return nil, err } return hc, nil } func (tc *tlsALPN01Challenge) validate(db nosql.DB, jwk *jose.JSONWebKey, vo validateOptions) (challenge, error) { // If already valid or invalid then return without performing validation. if tc.getStatus() == StatusValid || tc.getStatus() == StatusInvalid { return tc, nil } config := &tls.Config{ NextProtos: []string{"acme-tls/1"}, ServerName: tc.Value, InsecureSkipVerify: true, // we expect a self-signed challenge certificate } hostPort := net.JoinHostPort(tc.Value, "443") conn, err := vo.tlsDial("tcp", hostPort, config) if err != nil { if err = tc.storeError(db, ConnectionErr(errors.Wrapf(err, "error doing TLS dial for %s", hostPort))); err != nil { return nil, err } return tc, nil } defer conn.Close() cs := conn.ConnectionState() certs := cs.PeerCertificates if len(certs) == 0 { if err = tc.storeError(db, RejectedIdentifierErr(errors.Errorf("%s challenge for %s resulted in no certificates", tc.Type, tc.Value))); err != nil { return nil, err } return tc, nil } if !cs.NegotiatedProtocolIsMutual || cs.NegotiatedProtocol != "acme-tls/1" { if err = tc.storeError(db, RejectedIdentifierErr(errors.Errorf("cannot negotiate ALPN acme-tls/1 protocol for "+ "tls-alpn-01 challenge"))); err != nil { return nil, err } return tc, nil } leafCert := certs[0] if len(leafCert.DNSNames) != 1 || !strings.EqualFold(leafCert.DNSNames[0], tc.Value) { if err = tc.storeError(db, RejectedIdentifierErr(errors.Errorf("incorrect certificate for tls-alpn-01 challenge: "+ "leaf certificate must contain a single DNS name, %v", tc.Value))); err != nil { return nil, err } return tc, nil } idPeAcmeIdentifier := asn1.ObjectIdentifier{1, 3, 6, 1, 5, 5, 7, 1, 31} idPeAcmeIdentifierV1Obsolete := asn1.ObjectIdentifier{1, 3, 6, 1, 5, 5, 7, 1, 30, 1} foundIDPeAcmeIdentifierV1Obsolete := false keyAuth, err := KeyAuthorization(tc.Token, jwk) if err != nil { return nil, err } hashedKeyAuth := sha256.Sum256([]byte(keyAuth)) for _, ext := range leafCert.Extensions { if idPeAcmeIdentifier.Equal(ext.Id) { if !ext.Critical { if err = tc.storeError(db, RejectedIdentifierErr(errors.Errorf("incorrect certificate for tls-alpn-01 challenge: "+ "acmeValidationV1 extension not critical"))); err != nil { return nil, err } return tc, nil } var extValue []byte rest, err := asn1.Unmarshal(ext.Value, &extValue) if err != nil || len(rest) > 0 || len(hashedKeyAuth) != len(extValue) { if err = tc.storeError(db, RejectedIdentifierErr(errors.Errorf("incorrect certificate for tls-alpn-01 challenge: "+ "malformed acmeValidationV1 extension value"))); err != nil { return nil, err } return tc, nil } if subtle.ConstantTimeCompare(hashedKeyAuth[:], extValue) != 1 { if err = tc.storeError(db, RejectedIdentifierErr(errors.Errorf("incorrect certificate for tls-alpn-01 challenge: "+ "expected acmeValidationV1 extension value %s for this challenge but got %s", hex.EncodeToString(hashedKeyAuth[:]), hex.EncodeToString(extValue)))); err != nil { return nil, err } return tc, nil } upd := &tlsALPN01Challenge{tc.baseChallenge.clone()} upd.Status = StatusValid upd.Error = nil upd.Validated = clock.Now() if err := upd.save(db, tc); err != nil { return nil, err } return upd, nil } if idPeAcmeIdentifierV1Obsolete.Equal(ext.Id) { foundIDPeAcmeIdentifierV1Obsolete = true } } if foundIDPeAcmeIdentifierV1Obsolete { if err = tc.storeError(db, RejectedIdentifierErr(errors.Errorf("incorrect certificate for tls-alpn-01 challenge: "+ "obsolete id-pe-acmeIdentifier in acmeValidationV1 extension"))); err != nil { return nil, err } return tc, nil } if err = tc.storeError(db, RejectedIdentifierErr(errors.Errorf("incorrect certificate for tls-alpn-01 challenge: "+ "missing acmeValidationV1 extension"))); err != nil { return nil, err } return tc, nil } // dns01Challenge represents an dns-01 acme challenge. type dns01Challenge struct { *baseChallenge } // newDNS01Challenge returns a new acme dns-01 challenge. func newDNS01Challenge(db nosql.DB, ops ChallengeOptions) (challenge, error) { bc, err := newBaseChallenge(ops.AccountID, ops.AuthzID) if err != nil { return nil, err } bc.Type = "dns-01" bc.Value = ops.Identifier.Value dc := &dns01Challenge{bc} if err := dc.save(db, nil); err != nil { return nil, err } return dc, nil } // KeyAuthorization creates the ACME key authorization value from a token // and a jwk. func KeyAuthorization(token string, jwk *jose.JSONWebKey) (string, error) { thumbprint, err := jwk.Thumbprint(crypto.SHA256) if err != nil { return "", ServerInternalErr(errors.Wrap(err, "error generating JWK thumbprint")) } encPrint := base64.RawURLEncoding.EncodeToString(thumbprint) return fmt.Sprintf("%s.%s", token, encPrint), nil } // validate attempts to validate the challenge. If the challenge has been // satisfactorily validated, the 'status' and 'validated' attributes are // updated. func (dc *dns01Challenge) validate(db nosql.DB, jwk *jose.JSONWebKey, vo validateOptions) (challenge, error) { // If already valid or invalid then return without performing validation. if dc.getStatus() == StatusValid || dc.getStatus() == StatusInvalid { return dc, nil } // Normalize domain for wildcard DNS names // This is done to avoid making TXT lookups for domains like // _acme-challenge.*.example.com // Instead perform txt lookup for _acme-challenge.example.com domain := strings.TrimPrefix(dc.Value, "*.") txtRecords, err := vo.lookupTxt("_acme-challenge." + domain) if err != nil { if err = dc.storeError(db, DNSErr(errors.Wrapf(err, "error looking up TXT "+ "records for domain %s", domain))); err != nil { return nil, err } return dc, nil } expectedKeyAuth, err := KeyAuthorization(dc.Token, jwk) if err != nil { return nil, err } h := sha256.Sum256([]byte(expectedKeyAuth)) expected := base64.RawURLEncoding.EncodeToString(h[:]) var found bool for _, r := range txtRecords { if r == expected { found = true break } } if !found { if err = dc.storeError(db, RejectedIdentifierErr(errors.Errorf("keyAuthorization "+ "does not match; expected %s, but got %s", expectedKeyAuth, txtRecords))); err != nil { return nil, err } return dc, nil } // Update and store the challenge. upd := &dns01Challenge{dc.baseChallenge.clone()} upd.Status = StatusValid upd.Error = nil upd.Validated = time.Now().UTC() if err := upd.save(db, dc); err != nil { return nil, err } return upd, nil } // getChallenge retrieves and unmarshals an ACME challenge type from the database. func getChallenge(db nosql.DB, id string) (challenge, error) { b, err := db.Get(challengeTable, []byte(id)) if nosql.IsErrNotFound(err) { return nil, MalformedErr(errors.Wrapf(err, "challenge %s not found", id)) } else if err != nil { return nil, ServerInternalErr(errors.Wrapf(err, "error loading challenge %s", id)) } ch, err := unmarshalChallenge(b) if err != nil { return nil, err } return ch, nil }