Merge pull request #150 from smallstep/backdate

Add backdate support to the x509 and SSH certificates.

authority/config.go

@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ var (
 		MaxVersion:    1.2,
 		Renegotiation: false,
 	}
+	defaultBackdate         = time.Minute
 	defaultDisableRenewal   = false
 	defaultEnableSSHCA      = false
 	globalProvisionerClaims = provisioner.Claims{
@@ -65,10 +66,11 @@ type Config struct {
 
 // AuthConfig represents the configuration options for the authority.
 type AuthConfig struct {
-	Provisioners         provisioner.List    `json:"provisioners"`
-	Template             *x509util.ASN1DN    `json:"template,omitempty"`
-	Claims               *provisioner.Claims `json:"claims,omitempty"`
-	DisableIssuedAtCheck bool                `json:"disableIssuedAtCheck,omitempty"`
+	Provisioners         provisioner.List      `json:"provisioners"`
+	Template             *x509util.ASN1DN      `json:"template,omitempty"`
+	Claims               *provisioner.Claims   `json:"claims,omitempty"`
+	DisableIssuedAtCheck bool                  `json:"disableIssuedAtCheck,omitempty"`
+	Backdate             *provisioner.Duration `json:"backdate,omitempty"`
 }
 
 // Validate validates the authority configuration.
@@ -91,6 +93,17 @@ func (c *AuthConfig) Validate(audiences provisioner.Audiences) error {
 	if c.Template == nil {
 		c.Template = &x509util.ASN1DN{}
 	}
+
+	if c.Backdate != nil {
+		if c.Backdate.Duration < 0 {
+			return errors.New("authority.backdate cannot be less than 0")
+		}
+	} else {
+		c.Backdate = &provisioner.Duration{
+			Duration: defaultBackdate,
+		}
+	}
+
 	return nil
 }
 

authority/provisioner/aws.go

@@ -469,7 +469,7 @@ func (p *AWS) AuthorizeSSHSign(ctx context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption,
 		// Set the default extensions.
 		&sshDefaultExtensionModifier{},
 		// Set the validity bounds if not set.
-		sshDefaultValidityModifier(p.claimer),
+		&sshDefaultDuration{p.claimer},
 		// Validate public key
 		&sshDefaultPublicKeyValidator{},
 		// Validate the validity period.

authority/provisioner/azure.go

@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ func (p *Azure) Init(config Config) (err error) {
 	return nil
 }
 
-// parseToken returuns the claims, name, group, error.
+// parseToken returns the claims, name, group, error.
 func (p *Azure) parseToken(token string) (*azurePayload, string, string, error) {
 	jwt, err := jose.ParseSigned(token)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ func (p *Azure) AuthorizeSSHSign(ctx context.Context, token string) ([]SignOptio
 		// Set the default extensions.
 		&sshDefaultExtensionModifier{},
 		// Set the validity bounds if not set.
-		sshDefaultValidityModifier(p.claimer),
+		&sshDefaultDuration{p.claimer},
 		// Validate public key
 		&sshDefaultPublicKeyValidator{},
 		// Validate the validity period.

authority/provisioner/claims.go

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/ssh"
 )
 
 // Claims so that individual provisioners can override global claims.
@@ -95,6 +96,21 @@ func (c *Claimer) IsDisableRenewal() bool {
 	return *c.claims.DisableRenewal
 }
 
+// DefaultSSHCertDuration returns the default SSH certificate duration for the
+// given certificate type.
+func (c *Claimer) DefaultSSHCertDuration(certType uint32) (time.Duration, error) {
+	switch certType {
+	case ssh.UserCert:
+		return c.DefaultUserSSHCertDuration(), nil
+	case ssh.HostCert:
+		return c.DefaultHostSSHCertDuration(), nil
+	case 0:
+		return 0, errors.New("ssh certificate type has not been set")
+	default:
+		return 0, errors.Errorf("ssh certificate has an unknown type: %d", certType)
+	}
+}
+
 // DefaultUserSSHCertDuration returns the default SSH user cert duration for the
 // provisioner. If the default is not set within the provisioner, then the
 // global default from the authority configuration will be used.

authority/provisioner/claims_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+package provisioner
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/ssh"
+)
+
+func TestClaimer_DefaultSSHCertDuration(t *testing.T) {
+	duration := Duration{
+		Duration: time.Hour,
+	}
+	type fields struct {
+		global Claims
+		claims *Claims
+	}
+	type args struct {
+		certType uint32
+	}
+	tests := []struct {
+		name    string
+		fields  fields
+		args    args
+		want    time.Duration
+		wantErr bool
+	}{
+		{"user", fields{globalProvisionerClaims, &Claims{DefaultUserSSHDur: &duration}}, args{1}, time.Hour, false},
+		{"user global", fields{globalProvisionerClaims, nil}, args{ssh.UserCert}, 16 * time.Hour, false},
+		{"host global", fields{globalProvisionerClaims, &Claims{DefaultHostSSHDur: &duration}}, args{2}, time.Hour, false},
+		{"host global", fields{globalProvisionerClaims, nil}, args{ssh.HostCert}, 30 * 24 * time.Hour, false},
+		{"invalid", fields{globalProvisionerClaims, nil}, args{0}, 0, true},
+		{"invalid global", fields{globalProvisionerClaims, nil}, args{3}, 0, true},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			c := &Claimer{
+				global: tt.fields.global,
+				claims: tt.fields.claims,
+			}
+			got, err := c.DefaultSSHCertDuration(tt.args.certType)
+			if (err != nil) != tt.wantErr {
+				t.Errorf("Claimer.DefaultSSHCertDuration() error = %v, wantErr %v", err, tt.wantErr)
+				return
+			}
+			if got != tt.want {
+				t.Errorf("Claimer.DefaultSSHCertDuration() = %v, want %v", got, tt.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

authority/provisioner/gcp.go

@@ -378,7 +378,7 @@ func (p *GCP) AuthorizeSSHSign(ctx context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption,
 		// Set the default extensions
 		&sshDefaultExtensionModifier{},
 		// Set the validity bounds if not set.
-		sshDefaultValidityModifier(p.claimer),
+		&sshDefaultDuration{p.claimer},
 		// Validate public key
 		&sshDefaultPublicKeyValidator{},
 		// Validate the validity period.

authority/provisioner/jwk.go

@@ -188,6 +188,7 @@ func (p *JWK) AuthorizeSSHSign(ctx context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption,
 	if claims.Step == nil || claims.Step.SSH == nil {
 		return nil, errors.New("authorization token must be an SSH provisioning token")
 	}
+
 	opts := claims.Step.SSH
 	signOptions := []SignOption{
 		// validates user's SSHOptions with the ones in the token
@@ -222,7 +223,7 @@ func (p *JWK) AuthorizeSSHSign(ctx context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption,
 		// Set the default extensions.
 		&sshDefaultExtensionModifier{},
 		// Set the validity bounds if not set.
-		sshDefaultValidityModifier(p.claimer),
+		&sshDefaultDuration{p.claimer},
 		// Validate that the keyID is equivalent to the token subject.
 		sshCertKeyIDValidator(claims.Subject),
 		// Validate public key

authority/provisioner/k8sSA.go

@@ -235,13 +235,15 @@ func (p *K8sSA) AuthorizeSSHSign(ctx context.Context, token string) ([]SignOptio
 	}
 
 	// Default to a user certificate with no principals if not set
-	signOptions := []SignOption{sshCertificateDefaultsModifier{CertType: SSHUserCert}}
+	signOptions := []SignOption{
+		sshCertificateDefaultsModifier{CertType: SSHUserCert},
+	}
 
 	return append(signOptions,
 		// Set the default extensions.
 		&sshDefaultExtensionModifier{},
 		// Set the validity bounds if not set.
-		sshDefaultValidityModifier(p.claimer),
+		&sshDefaultDuration{p.claimer},
 		// Validate public key
 		&sshDefaultPublicKeyValidator{},
 		// Validate the validity period.

authority/provisioner/oidc.go

@@ -360,7 +360,7 @@ func (o *OIDC) AuthorizeSSHSign(ctx context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption
 		// Set the default extensions
 		&sshDefaultExtensionModifier{},
 		// Set the validity bounds if not set.
-		sshDefaultValidityModifier(o.claimer),
+		&sshDefaultDuration{o.claimer},
 		// Validate public key
 		&sshDefaultPublicKeyValidator{},
 		// Validate the validity period.

authority/provisioner/sign_options.go

@@ -15,10 +15,12 @@ import (
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/ed25519"
 )
 
-// Options contains the options that can be passed to the Sign method.
+// Options contains the options that can be passed to the Sign method. Backdate
+// is automatically filled and can only be configured in the CA.
 type Options struct {
-	NotAfter  TimeDuration `json:"notAfter"`
-	NotBefore TimeDuration `json:"notBefore"`
+	NotAfter  TimeDuration  `json:"notAfter"`
+	NotBefore TimeDuration  `json:"notBefore"`
+	Backdate  time.Duration `json:"-"`
 }
 
 // SignOption is the interface used to collect all extra options used in the
@@ -189,12 +191,22 @@ func (v emailAddressesValidator) Valid(req *x509.CertificateRequest) error {
 type profileDefaultDuration time.Duration
 
 func (v profileDefaultDuration) Option(so Options) x509util.WithOption {
+	var backdate time.Duration
 	notBefore := so.NotBefore.Time()
 	if notBefore.IsZero() {
-		notBefore = time.Now()
+		notBefore = now()
+		backdate = -1 * so.Backdate
 	}
 	notAfter := so.NotAfter.RelativeTime(notBefore)
-	return x509util.WithNotBeforeAfterDuration(notBefore, notAfter, time.Duration(v))
+	return func(p x509util.Profile) error {
+		fn := x509util.WithNotBeforeAfterDuration(notBefore, notAfter, time.Duration(v))
+		if err := fn(p); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		crt := p.Subject()
+		crt.NotBefore = crt.NotBefore.Add(backdate)
+		return nil
+	}
 }
 
 // profileLimitDuration is an x509 profile option that modifies an x509 validity
@@ -208,10 +220,12 @@ type profileLimitDuration struct {
 // certificate to one that is superficially imposed.
 func (v profileLimitDuration) Option(so Options) x509util.WithOption {
 	return func(p x509util.Profile) error {
+		var backdate time.Duration
 		n := now()
 		notBefore := so.NotBefore.Time()
 		if notBefore.IsZero() {
 			notBefore = n
+			backdate = -1 * so.Backdate
 		}
 		if notBefore.After(v.notAfter) {
 			return errors.Errorf("provisioning credential expiration (%s) is before "+
@@ -232,7 +246,7 @@ func (v profileLimitDuration) Option(so Options) x509util.WithOption {
 			}
 		}
 		crt := p.Subject()
-		crt.NotBefore = notBefore
+		crt.NotBefore = notBefore.Add(backdate)
 		crt.NotAfter = notAfter
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -253,12 +267,20 @@ func newValidityValidator(min, max time.Duration) *validityValidator {
 // and total duration.
 func (v *validityValidator) Valid(crt *x509.Certificate) error {
 	var (
-		na  = crt.NotAfter
-		nb  = crt.NotBefore
-		d   = na.Sub(nb)
-		now = time.Now()
+		na  = crt.NotAfter.Truncate(time.Second)
+		nb  = crt.NotBefore.Truncate(time.Second)
+		now = time.Now().Truncate(time.Second)
 	)
 
+	// To not take into account the backdate, time.Now() will be used to
+	// calculate the duration if NotBefore is in the past.
+	var d time.Duration
+	if now.After(nb) {
+		d = na.Sub(now)
+	} else {
+		d = na.Sub(nb)
+	}
+
 	if na.Before(now) {
 		return errors.Errorf("NotAfter: %v cannot be in the past", na)
 	}

authority/provisioner/sign_options_test.go

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"crypto/x509/pkix"
 	"net"
 	"net/url"
+	"reflect"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
@@ -275,7 +276,9 @@ func Test_validityValidator_Valid(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func Test_profileLimitDuration_Option(t *testing.T) {
-	n := now()
+	n, fn := mockNow()
+	defer fn()
+
 	type test struct {
 		pld   profileLimitDuration
 		so    Options
@@ -309,7 +312,7 @@ func Test_profileLimitDuration_Option(t *testing.T) {
 			assert.FatalError(t, err)
 			return test{
 				pld:  profileLimitDuration{def: 4 * time.Hour, notAfter: n.Add(6 * time.Hour)},
-				so:   Options{NotBefore: NewTimeDuration(n.Add(3 * time.Hour)), NotAfter: d},
+				so:   Options{NotBefore: NewTimeDuration(n.Add(3 * time.Hour)), NotAfter: d, Backdate: 1 * time.Minute},
 				cert: new(x509.Certificate),
 				valid: func(cert *x509.Certificate) {
 					assert.Equals(t, cert.NotBefore, n.Add(3*time.Hour))
@@ -320,7 +323,7 @@ func Test_profileLimitDuration_Option(t *testing.T) {
 		"ok/valid-notAfter-nil-limit-over-default": func() test {
 			return test{
 				pld:  profileLimitDuration{def: 1 * time.Hour, notAfter: n.Add(6 * time.Hour)},
-				so:   Options{NotBefore: NewTimeDuration(n.Add(3 * time.Hour))},
+				so:   Options{NotBefore: NewTimeDuration(n.Add(3 * time.Hour)), Backdate: 1 * time.Minute},
 				cert: new(x509.Certificate),
 				valid: func(cert *x509.Certificate) {
 					assert.Equals(t, cert.NotBefore, n.Add(3*time.Hour))
@@ -331,7 +334,7 @@ func Test_profileLimitDuration_Option(t *testing.T) {
 		"ok/valid-notAfter-nil-limit-under-default": func() test {
 			return test{
 				pld:  profileLimitDuration{def: 4 * time.Hour, notAfter: n.Add(6 * time.Hour)},
-				so:   Options{NotBefore: NewTimeDuration(n.Add(3 * time.Hour))},
+				so:   Options{NotBefore: NewTimeDuration(n.Add(3 * time.Hour)), Backdate: 1 * time.Minute},
 				cert: new(x509.Certificate),
 				valid: func(cert *x509.Certificate) {
 					assert.Equals(t, cert.NotBefore, n.Add(3*time.Hour))
@@ -339,6 +342,28 @@ func Test_profileLimitDuration_Option(t *testing.T) {
 				},
 			}
 		},
+		"ok/over-limit-with-backdate": func() test {
+			return test{
+				pld:  profileLimitDuration{def: 24 * time.Hour, notAfter: n.Add(6 * time.Hour)},
+				so:   Options{Backdate: 1 * time.Minute},
+				cert: new(x509.Certificate),
+				valid: func(cert *x509.Certificate) {
+					assert.Equals(t, cert.NotBefore, n.Add(-time.Minute))
+					assert.Equals(t, cert.NotAfter, n.Add(6*time.Hour))
+				},
+			}
+		},
+		"ok/under-limit-with-backdate": func() test {
+			return test{
+				pld:  profileLimitDuration{def: 24 * time.Hour, notAfter: n.Add(30 * time.Hour)},
+				so:   Options{Backdate: 1 * time.Minute},
+				cert: new(x509.Certificate),
+				valid: func(cert *x509.Certificate) {
+					assert.Equals(t, cert.NotBefore, n.Add(-time.Minute))
+					assert.Equals(t, cert.NotAfter, n.Add(24*time.Hour))
+				},
+			}
+		},
 	}
 	for name, run := range tests {
 		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -357,3 +382,43 @@ func Test_profileLimitDuration_Option(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+func Test_profileDefaultDuration_Option(t *testing.T) {
+	tm, fn := mockNow()
+	defer fn()
+
+	v := profileDefaultDuration(24 * time.Hour)
+	type args struct {
+		so Options
+	}
+	tests := []struct {
+		name string
+		v    profileDefaultDuration
+		args args
+		want *x509.Certificate
+	}{
+		{"default", v, args{Options{}}, &x509.Certificate{NotBefore: tm, NotAfter: tm.Add(24 * time.Hour)}},
+		{"backdate", v, args{Options{Backdate: 1 * time.Minute}}, &x509.Certificate{NotBefore: tm.Add(-1 * time.Minute), NotAfter: tm.Add(24 * time.Hour)}},
+		{"notBefore", v, args{Options{NotBefore: NewTimeDuration(tm.Add(10 * time.Second))}}, &x509.Certificate{NotBefore: tm.Add(10 * time.Second), NotAfter: tm.Add(24*time.Hour + 10*time.Second)}},
+		{"notAfter", v, args{Options{NotAfter: NewTimeDuration(tm.Add(1 * time.Hour))}}, &x509.Certificate{NotBefore: tm, NotAfter: tm.Add(1 * time.Hour)}},
+		{"notBefore and notAfter", v, args{Options{NotBefore: NewTimeDuration(tm.Add(10 * time.Second)), NotAfter: NewTimeDuration(tm.Add(1 * time.Hour))}},
+			&x509.Certificate{NotBefore: tm.Add(10 * time.Second), NotAfter: tm.Add(1 * time.Hour)}},
+		{"notBefore and backdate", v, args{Options{Backdate: 1 * time.Minute, NotBefore: NewTimeDuration(tm.Add(10 * time.Second))}},
+			&x509.Certificate{NotBefore: tm.Add(10 * time.Second), NotAfter: tm.Add(24*time.Hour + 10*time.Second)}},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			cert := &x509.Certificate{}
+			profile := &x509util.Leaf{}
+			profile.SetSubject(cert)
+
+			fn := tt.v.Option(tt.args.so)
+			if err := fn(profile); err != nil {
+				t.Errorf("profileDefaultDuration.Option() error = %v", err)
+			}
+			if !reflect.DeepEqual(cert, tt.want) {
+				t.Errorf("profileDefaultDuration.Option() = %v, \nwant %v", cert, tt.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

authority/provisioner/sign_ssh_options.go

@@ -46,13 +46,22 @@ type SSHCertificateOptionsValidator interface {
 	Valid(got SSHOptions) error
 }
 
+// sshModifierFunc is an adapter to allow the use of ordinary functions as SSH
+// certificate modifiers.
+type sshModifierFunc func(cert *ssh.Certificate) error
+
+func (f sshModifierFunc) Modify(cert *ssh.Certificate) error {
+	return f(cert)
+}
+
 // SSHOptions contains the options that can be passed to the SignSSH method.
 type SSHOptions struct {
-	CertType    string       `json:"certType"`
-	KeyID       string       `json:"keyID"`
-	Principals  []string     `json:"principals"`
-	ValidAfter  TimeDuration `json:"validAfter,omitempty"`
-	ValidBefore TimeDuration `json:"validBefore,omitempty"`
+	CertType    string        `json:"certType"`
+	KeyID       string        `json:"keyID"`
+	Principals  []string      `json:"principals"`
+	ValidAfter  TimeDuration  `json:"validAfter,omitempty"`
+	ValidBefore TimeDuration  `json:"validBefore,omitempty"`
+	Backdate    time.Duration `json:"-"`
 }
 
 // Type returns the uint32 representation of the CertType.
@@ -199,67 +208,91 @@ func (m *sshDefaultExtensionModifier) Modify(cert *ssh.Certificate) error {
 	}
 }
 
-// sshValidityModifier is an SSHCertificateModifier that checks the
-// validity bounds, setting them if they are not provided. It will fail if a
+// sshDefaultDuration is an SSHCertificateModifier that sets the certificate
+// ValidAfter and ValidBefore if they have not been set. It will fail if a
 // CertType has not been set or is not valid.
-type sshValidityModifier struct {
+type sshDefaultDuration struct {
 	*Claimer
-	validBefore time.Time
 }
 
-func (m *sshValidityModifier) Modify(cert *ssh.Certificate) error {
-	var d time.Duration
+func (m *sshDefaultDuration) Option(o SSHOptions) SSHCertificateModifier {
+	return sshModifierFunc(func(cert *ssh.Certificate) error {
+		d, err := m.DefaultSSHCertDuration(cert.CertType)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
 
-	switch cert.CertType {
-	case ssh.UserCert:
-		d = m.DefaultUserSSHCertDuration()
-	case ssh.HostCert:
-		d = m.DefaultHostSSHCertDuration()
-	case 0:
-		return errors.New("ssh certificate type has not been set")
-	default:
-		return errors.Errorf("unknown ssh certificate type %d", cert.CertType)
-	}
+		var backdate uint64
+		if cert.ValidAfter == 0 {
+			backdate = uint64(o.Backdate / time.Second)
+			cert.ValidAfter = uint64(now().Truncate(time.Second).Unix())
+		}
+		if cert.ValidBefore == 0 {
+			cert.ValidBefore = cert.ValidAfter + uint64(d/time.Second)
+		}
+		// Apply backdate safely
+		if cert.ValidAfter > backdate {
+			cert.ValidAfter -= backdate
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
+}
 
-	hasLimit := !m.validBefore.IsZero()
+// sshLimitDuration adjusts the duration to min(default, remaining provisioning
+// credential duration). E.g. if the default is 12hrs but the remaining validity
+// of the provisioning credential is only 4hrs, this option will set the value
+// to 4hrs (the min of the two values). It will fail if a CertType has not been
+// set or is not valid.
+type sshLimitDuration struct {
+	*Claimer
+	NotAfter time.Time
+}
 
-	n := now()
-	if cert.ValidAfter == 0 {
-		cert.ValidAfter = uint64(n.Truncate(time.Second).Unix())
-	}
-	certValidAfter := time.Unix(int64(cert.ValidAfter), 0)
-	if hasLimit && certValidAfter.After(m.validBefore) {
-		return errors.Errorf("provisioning credential expiration (%s) is before "+
-			"requested certificate validAfter (%s)", m.validBefore, certValidAfter)
+func (m *sshLimitDuration) Option(o SSHOptions) SSHCertificateModifier {
+	if m.NotAfter.IsZero() {
+		defaultDuration := &sshDefaultDuration{m.Claimer}
+		return defaultDuration.Option(o)
 	}
 
-	if cert.ValidBefore == 0 {
-		certValidBefore := certValidAfter.Add(d)
-		if hasLimit && m.validBefore.Before(certValidBefore) {
-			certValidBefore = m.validBefore
+	return sshModifierFunc(func(cert *ssh.Certificate) error {
+		d, err := m.DefaultSSHCertDuration(cert.CertType)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
 		}
-		cert.ValidBefore = uint64(certValidBefore.Unix())
-	} else if hasLimit {
-		certValidBefore := time.Unix(int64(cert.ValidBefore), 0)
-		if m.validBefore.Before(certValidBefore) {
-			return errors.Errorf("provisioning credential expiration (%s) is before "+
-				"requested certificate validBefore (%s)", m.validBefore, certValidBefore)
+
+		var backdate uint64
+		if cert.ValidAfter == 0 {
+			backdate = uint64(o.Backdate / time.Second)
+			cert.ValidAfter = uint64(now().Truncate(time.Second).Unix())
 		}
-	}
 
-	return nil
-}
+		certValidAfter := time.Unix(int64(cert.ValidAfter), 0)
+		if certValidAfter.After(m.NotAfter) {
+			return errors.Errorf("provisioning credential expiration (%s) is before requested certificate validAfter (%s)",
+				m.NotAfter, certValidAfter)
+		}
 
-func sshDefaultValidityModifier(c *Claimer) SSHCertificateModifier {
-	return &sshValidityModifier{c, time.Time{}}
-}
+		if cert.ValidBefore == 0 {
+			certValidBefore := certValidAfter.Add(d)
+			if m.NotAfter.Before(certValidBefore) {
+				certValidBefore = m.NotAfter
+			}
+			cert.ValidBefore = uint64(certValidBefore.Unix())
+		} else {
+			certValidBefore := time.Unix(int64(cert.ValidBefore), 0)
+			if m.NotAfter.Before(certValidBefore) {
+				return errors.Errorf("provisioning credential expiration (%s) is before requested certificate validBefore (%s)",
+					m.NotAfter, certValidBefore)
+			}
+		}
 
-// sshLimitValidityModifier adjusts the duration to
-// min(default, remaining provisioning credential duration).
-// E.g. if the default is 12hrs but the remaining validity of the provisioning
-// credential is only 4hrs, this option will set the value to 4hrs (the min of the two values).
-func sshLimitValidityModifier(c *Claimer, validBefore time.Time) SSHCertificateModifier {
-	return &sshValidityModifier{c, validBefore}
+		// Apply backdate safely
+		if cert.ValidAfter > backdate {
+			cert.ValidAfter -= backdate
+		}
+
+		return nil
+	})
 }
 
 // sshCertificateOptionsValidator validates the user SSHOptions with the ones
@@ -301,8 +334,15 @@ func (v *sshCertificateValidityValidator) Valid(cert *ssh.Certificate) error {
 		return errors.Errorf("unknown ssh certificate type %d", cert.CertType)
 	}
 
-	// seconds
-	dur := time.Duration(cert.ValidBefore-cert.ValidAfter) * time.Second
+	// To not take into account the backdate, time.Now() will be used to
+	// calculate the duration if ValidAfter is in the past.
+	var dur time.Duration
+	if t := now().Unix(); t > int64(cert.ValidAfter) {
+		dur = time.Duration(int64(cert.ValidBefore)-t) * time.Second
+	} else {
+		dur = time.Duration(cert.ValidBefore-cert.ValidAfter) * time.Second
+	}
+
 	switch {
 	case dur < min:
 		return errors.Errorf("requested duration of %s is less than minimum "+

authority/provisioner/sign_ssh_options_test.go

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 package provisioner
 
 import (
+	"fmt"
+	"reflect"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
@@ -10,6 +12,32 @@ import (
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/ssh"
 )
 
+func TestSSHOptions_Type(t *testing.T) {
+	type fields struct {
+		CertType string
+	}
+	tests := []struct {
+		name   string
+		fields fields
+		want   uint32
+	}{
+		{"user", fields{"user"}, 1},
+		{"host", fields{"host"}, 2},
+		{"empty", fields{""}, 0},
+		{"invalid", fields{"invalid"}, 0},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			o := SSHOptions{
+				CertType: tt.fields.CertType,
+			}
+			if got := o.Type(); got != tt.want {
+				t.Errorf("SSHOptions.Type() = %v, want %v", got, tt.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
 func Test_sshCertificateDefaultValidator_Valid(t *testing.T) {
 	pub, _, err := keys.GenerateDefaultKeyPair()
 	assert.FatalError(t, err)
@@ -272,11 +300,13 @@ func Test_sshCertificateValidityValidator(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func Test_sshValidityModifier(t *testing.T) {
-	n := now()
+	n, fn := mockNow()
+	defer fn()
+
 	p, err := generateX5C(nil)
 	assert.FatalError(t, err)
 	type test struct {
-		svm   *sshValidityModifier
+		svm   *sshLimitDuration
 		cert  *ssh.Certificate
 		valid func(*ssh.Certificate)
 		err   error
@@ -284,7 +314,7 @@ func Test_sshValidityModifier(t *testing.T) {
 	tests := map[string]func() test{
 		"fail/type-not-set": func() test {
 			return test{
-				svm: &sshValidityModifier{Claimer: p.claimer, validBefore: n.Add(6 * time.Hour)},
+				svm: &sshLimitDuration{Claimer: p.claimer, NotAfter: n.Add(6 * time.Hour)},
 				cert: &ssh.Certificate{
 					ValidAfter:  uint64(n.Unix()),
 					ValidBefore: uint64(n.Add(8 * time.Hour).Unix()),
@@ -294,18 +324,18 @@ func Test_sshValidityModifier(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		"fail/type-not-recognized": func() test {
 			return test{
-				svm: &sshValidityModifier{Claimer: p.claimer, validBefore: n.Add(6 * time.Hour)},
+				svm: &sshLimitDuration{Claimer: p.claimer, NotAfter: n.Add(6 * time.Hour)},
 				cert: &ssh.Certificate{
 					CertType:    4,
 					ValidAfter:  uint64(n.Unix()),
 					ValidBefore: uint64(n.Add(8 * time.Hour).Unix()),
 				},
-				err: errors.New("unknown ssh certificate type 4"),
+				err: errors.New("ssh certificate has an unknown type: 4"),
 			}
 		},
 		"fail/requested-validAfter-after-limit": func() test {
 			return test{
-				svm: &sshValidityModifier{Claimer: p.claimer, validBefore: n.Add(1 * time.Hour)},
+				svm: &sshLimitDuration{Claimer: p.claimer, NotAfter: n.Add(1 * time.Hour)},
 				cert: &ssh.Certificate{
 					CertType:    1,
 					ValidAfter:  uint64(n.Add(2 * time.Hour).Unix()),
@@ -316,7 +346,7 @@ func Test_sshValidityModifier(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		"fail/requested-validBefore-after-limit": func() test {
 			return test{
-				svm: &sshValidityModifier{Claimer: p.claimer, validBefore: n.Add(1 * time.Hour)},
+				svm: &sshLimitDuration{Claimer: p.claimer, NotAfter: n.Add(1 * time.Hour)},
 				cert: &ssh.Certificate{
 					CertType:    1,
 					ValidAfter:  uint64(n.Unix()),
@@ -325,10 +355,36 @@ func Test_sshValidityModifier(t *testing.T) {
 				err: errors.New("provisioning credential expiration ("),
 			}
 		},
+		"ok/no-limit": func() test {
+			va, vb := uint64(n.Unix()), uint64(n.Add(16*time.Hour).Unix())
+			return test{
+				svm: &sshLimitDuration{Claimer: p.claimer},
+				cert: &ssh.Certificate{
+					CertType: 1,
+				},
+				valid: func(cert *ssh.Certificate) {
+					assert.Equals(t, cert.ValidAfter, va)
+					assert.Equals(t, cert.ValidBefore, vb)
+				},
+			}
+		},
+		"ok/defaults": func() test {
+			va, vb := uint64(n.Unix()), uint64(n.Add(16*time.Hour).Unix())
+			return test{
+				svm: &sshLimitDuration{Claimer: p.claimer},
+				cert: &ssh.Certificate{
+					CertType: 1,
+				},
+				valid: func(cert *ssh.Certificate) {
+					assert.Equals(t, cert.ValidAfter, va)
+					assert.Equals(t, cert.ValidBefore, vb)
+				},
+			}
+		},
 		"ok/valid-requested-validBefore": func() test {
 			va, vb := uint64(n.Unix()), uint64(n.Add(2*time.Hour).Unix())
 			return test{
-				svm: &sshValidityModifier{Claimer: p.claimer, validBefore: n.Add(3 * time.Hour)},
+				svm: &sshLimitDuration{Claimer: p.claimer, NotAfter: n.Add(3 * time.Hour)},
 				cert: &ssh.Certificate{
 					CertType:    1,
 					ValidAfter:  va,
@@ -343,21 +399,21 @@ func Test_sshValidityModifier(t *testing.T) {
 		"ok/empty-requested-validBefore-limit-after-default": func() test {
 			va := uint64(n.Unix())
 			return test{
-				svm: &sshValidityModifier{Claimer: p.claimer, validBefore: n.Add(5 * time.Hour)},
+				svm: &sshLimitDuration{Claimer: p.claimer, NotAfter: n.Add(24 * time.Hour)},
 				cert: &ssh.Certificate{
 					CertType:   1,
 					ValidAfter: va,
 				},
 				valid: func(cert *ssh.Certificate) {
 					assert.Equals(t, cert.ValidAfter, va)
-					assert.Equals(t, cert.ValidBefore, uint64(n.Add(4*time.Hour).Unix()))
+					assert.Equals(t, cert.ValidBefore, uint64(n.Add(16*time.Hour).Unix()))
 				},
 			}
 		},
 		"ok/empty-requested-validBefore-limit-before-default": func() test {
 			va := uint64(n.Unix())
 			return test{
-				svm: &sshValidityModifier{Claimer: p.claimer, validBefore: n.Add(3 * time.Hour)},
+				svm: &sshLimitDuration{Claimer: p.claimer, NotAfter: n.Add(3 * time.Hour)},
 				cert: &ssh.Certificate{
 					CertType:   1,
 					ValidAfter: va,
@@ -372,7 +428,7 @@ func Test_sshValidityModifier(t *testing.T) {
 	for name, run := range tests {
 		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			tt := run()
-			if err := tt.svm.Modify(tt.cert); err != nil {
+			if err := tt.svm.Option(SSHOptions{}).Modify(tt.cert); err != nil {
 				if assert.NotNil(t, tt.err) {
 					assert.HasPrefix(t, err.Error(), tt.err.Error())
 				}
@@ -384,3 +440,120 @@ func Test_sshValidityModifier(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+func Test_sshModifierFunc_Modify(t *testing.T) {
+	type args struct {
+		cert *ssh.Certificate
+	}
+	tests := []struct {
+		name    string
+		f       sshModifierFunc
+		args    args
+		wantErr bool
+	}{
+		{"ok", func(cert *ssh.Certificate) error { return nil }, args{&ssh.Certificate{}}, false},
+		{"fail", func(cert *ssh.Certificate) error { return fmt.Errorf("an error") }, args{&ssh.Certificate{}}, true},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			if err := tt.f.Modify(tt.args.cert); (err != nil) != tt.wantErr {
+				t.Errorf("sshModifierFunc.Modify() error = %v, wantErr %v", err, tt.wantErr)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func Test_sshDefaultDuration_Option(t *testing.T) {
+	tm, fn := mockNow()
+	defer fn()
+
+	newClaimer := func(claims *Claims) *Claimer {
+		c, err := NewClaimer(claims, globalProvisionerClaims)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		return c
+	}
+	unix := func(d time.Duration) uint64 {
+		return uint64(tm.Add(d).Unix())
+	}
+
+	type fields struct {
+		Claimer *Claimer
+	}
+	type args struct {
+		o    SSHOptions
+		cert *ssh.Certificate
+	}
+	tests := []struct {
+		name    string
+		fields  fields
+		args    args
+		want    *ssh.Certificate
+		wantErr bool
+	}{
+		{"user", fields{newClaimer(nil)}, args{SSHOptions{}, &ssh.Certificate{CertType: ssh.UserCert}},
+			&ssh.Certificate{CertType: ssh.UserCert, ValidAfter: unix(0), ValidBefore: unix(16 * time.Hour)}, false},
+		{"host", fields{newClaimer(nil)}, args{SSHOptions{}, &ssh.Certificate{CertType: ssh.HostCert}},
+			&ssh.Certificate{CertType: ssh.HostCert, ValidAfter: unix(0), ValidBefore: unix(30 * 24 * time.Hour)}, false},
+		{"user claim", fields{newClaimer(&Claims{DefaultUserSSHDur: &Duration{1 * time.Hour}})}, args{SSHOptions{}, &ssh.Certificate{CertType: ssh.UserCert}},
+			&ssh.Certificate{CertType: ssh.UserCert, ValidAfter: unix(0), ValidBefore: unix(1 * time.Hour)}, false},
+		{"host claim", fields{newClaimer(&Claims{DefaultHostSSHDur: &Duration{1 * time.Hour}})}, args{SSHOptions{}, &ssh.Certificate{CertType: ssh.HostCert}},
+			&ssh.Certificate{CertType: ssh.HostCert, ValidAfter: unix(0), ValidBefore: unix(1 * time.Hour)}, false},
+		{"user backdate", fields{newClaimer(nil)}, args{SSHOptions{Backdate: 1 * time.Minute}, &ssh.Certificate{CertType: ssh.UserCert}},
+			&ssh.Certificate{CertType: ssh.UserCert, ValidAfter: unix(-1 * time.Minute), ValidBefore: unix(16 * time.Hour)}, false},
+		{"host backdate", fields{newClaimer(nil)}, args{SSHOptions{Backdate: 1 * time.Minute}, &ssh.Certificate{CertType: ssh.HostCert}},
+			&ssh.Certificate{CertType: ssh.HostCert, ValidAfter: unix(-1 * time.Minute), ValidBefore: unix(30 * 24 * time.Hour)}, false},
+		{"user validAfter", fields{newClaimer(nil)}, args{SSHOptions{Backdate: 1 * time.Minute}, &ssh.Certificate{CertType: ssh.UserCert, ValidAfter: unix(1 * time.Hour)}},
+			&ssh.Certificate{CertType: ssh.UserCert, ValidAfter: unix(time.Minute), ValidBefore: unix(17 * time.Hour)}, false},
+		{"user validBefore", fields{newClaimer(nil)}, args{SSHOptions{Backdate: 1 * time.Minute}, &ssh.Certificate{CertType: ssh.UserCert, ValidBefore: unix(1 * time.Hour)}},
+			&ssh.Certificate{CertType: ssh.UserCert, ValidAfter: unix(-1 * time.Minute), ValidBefore: unix(time.Hour)}, false},
+		{"host validAfter validBefore", fields{newClaimer(nil)}, args{SSHOptions{Backdate: 1 * time.Minute}, &ssh.Certificate{CertType: ssh.HostCert, ValidAfter: unix(1 * time.Minute), ValidBefore: unix(2 * time.Minute)}},
+			&ssh.Certificate{CertType: ssh.HostCert, ValidAfter: unix(1 * time.Minute), ValidBefore: unix(2 * time.Minute)}, false},
+		{"fail zero", fields{newClaimer(nil)}, args{SSHOptions{}, &ssh.Certificate{}}, &ssh.Certificate{}, true},
+		{"fail type", fields{newClaimer(nil)}, args{SSHOptions{}, &ssh.Certificate{CertType: 3}}, &ssh.Certificate{CertType: 3}, true},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			m := &sshDefaultDuration{
+				Claimer: tt.fields.Claimer,
+			}
+			v := m.Option(tt.args.o)
+			if err := v.Modify(tt.args.cert); (err != nil) != tt.wantErr {
+				t.Errorf("sshDefaultDuration.Option() error = %v, wantErr %v", err, tt.wantErr)
+			}
+			if !reflect.DeepEqual(tt.args.cert, tt.want) {
+				t.Errorf("sshDefaultDuration.Option() = %v, want %v", tt.args.cert, tt.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func Test_sshLimitDuration_Option(t *testing.T) {
+	type fields struct {
+		Claimer  *Claimer
+		NotAfter time.Time
+	}
+	type args struct {
+		o SSHOptions
+	}
+	tests := []struct {
+		name   string
+		fields fields
+		args   args
+		want   SSHCertificateModifier
+	}{
+		// TODO: Add test cases.
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			m := &sshLimitDuration{
+				Claimer:  tt.fields.Claimer,
+				NotAfter: tt.fields.NotAfter,
+			}
+			if got := m.Option(tt.args.o); !reflect.DeepEqual(got, tt.want) {
+				t.Errorf("sshLimitDuration.Option() = %v, want %v", got, tt.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

authority/provisioner/utils_test.go

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ var (
 		DisableRenewal:    &defaultDisableRenewal,
 		MinUserSSHDur:     &Duration{Duration: 5 * time.Minute}, // User SSH certs
 		MaxUserSSHDur:     &Duration{Duration: 24 * time.Hour},
-		DefaultUserSSHDur: &Duration{Duration: 4 * time.Hour},
+		DefaultUserSSHDur: &Duration{Duration: 16 * time.Hour},
 		MinHostSSHDur:     &Duration{Duration: 5 * time.Minute}, // Host SSH certs
 		MaxHostSSHDur:     &Duration{Duration: 30 * 24 * time.Hour},
 		DefaultHostSSHDur: &Duration{Duration: 30 * 24 * time.Hour},

authority/provisioner/x5c.go

@@ -228,6 +228,7 @@ func (p *X5C) AuthorizeSSHSign(ctx context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption,
 	if claims.Step == nil || claims.Step.SSH == nil {
 		return nil, errors.New("authorization token must be an SSH provisioning token")
 	}
+
 	opts := claims.Step.SSH
 	signOptions := []SignOption{
 		// validates user's SSHOptions with the ones in the token
@@ -261,7 +262,7 @@ func (p *X5C) AuthorizeSSHSign(ctx context.Context, token string) ([]SignOption,
 		// Set the default extensions.
 		&sshDefaultExtensionModifier{},
 		// Checks the validity bounds, and set the validity if has not been set.
-		sshLimitValidityModifier(p.claimer, claims.chains[0][0].NotAfter),
+		&sshLimitDuration{p.claimer, claims.chains[0][0].NotAfter},
 		// set the key id to the token subject
 		sshCertKeyIDValidator(claims.Subject),
 		// Validate public key.

authority/provisioner/x5c_test.go

@@ -646,9 +646,9 @@ func TestX5C_AuthorizeSSHSign(t *testing.T) {
 								assert.Equals(t, int64(v), tc.claims.Step.SSH.ValidBefore.RelativeTime(nw).Unix())
 							case sshCertificateDefaultsModifier:
 								assert.Equals(t, SSHOptions(v), SSHOptions{CertType: SSHUserCert})
-							case *sshValidityModifier:
+							case *sshLimitDuration:
 								assert.Equals(t, v.Claimer, tc.p.claimer)
-								assert.Equals(t, v.validBefore, tc.claims.chains[0][0].NotAfter)
+								assert.Equals(t, v.NotAfter, tc.claims.chains[0][0].NotAfter)
 							case *sshCertificateValidityValidator:
 								assert.Equals(t, v.Claimer, tc.p.claimer)
 							case *sshDefaultExtensionModifier, *sshDefaultPublicKeyValidator,

authority/ssh.go

@@ -209,6 +209,9 @@ func (a *Authority) SignSSH(key ssh.PublicKey, opts provisioner.SSHOptions, sign
 	var mods []provisioner.SSHCertificateModifier
 	var validators []provisioner.SSHCertificateValidator
 
+	// Set backdate with the configured value
+	opts.Backdate = a.config.AuthorityConfig.Backdate.Duration
+
 	for _, op := range signOpts {
 		switch o := op.(type) {
 		// modify the ssh.Certificate
@@ -365,9 +368,12 @@ func (a *Authority) RenewSSH(oldCert *ssh.Certificate) (*ssh.Certificate, error)
 	if oldCert.ValidAfter == 0 || oldCert.ValidBefore == 0 {
 		return nil, errors.New("rewnewSSH: cannot renew certificate without validity period")
 	}
-	dur := time.Duration(oldCert.ValidBefore-oldCert.ValidAfter) * time.Second
-	va := time.Now()
-	vb := va.Add(dur)
+
+	backdate := a.config.AuthorityConfig.Backdate.Duration
+	duration := time.Duration(oldCert.ValidBefore-oldCert.ValidAfter) * time.Second
+	now := time.Now()
+	va := now.Add(-1 * backdate)
+	vb := now.Add(duration - backdate)
 
 	// Build base certificate with the key and some random values
 	cert := &ssh.Certificate{
@@ -490,9 +496,12 @@ func (a *Authority) RekeySSH(oldCert *ssh.Certificate, pub ssh.PublicKey, signOp
 	if oldCert.ValidAfter == 0 || oldCert.ValidBefore == 0 {
 		return nil, errors.New("rekeySSH: cannot rekey certificate without validity period")
 	}
-	dur := time.Duration(oldCert.ValidBefore-oldCert.ValidAfter) * time.Second
-	va := time.Now()
-	vb := va.Add(dur)
+
+	backdate := a.config.AuthorityConfig.Backdate.Duration
+	duration := time.Duration(oldCert.ValidBefore-oldCert.ValidAfter) * time.Second
+	now := time.Now()
+	va := now.Add(-1 * backdate)
+	vb := now.Add(duration - backdate)
 
 	// Build base certificate with the key and some random values
 	cert := &ssh.Certificate{

authority/tls.go

@@ -65,6 +65,10 @@ func (a *Authority) Sign(csr *x509.CertificateRequest, signOpts provisioner.Opti
 		certValidators = []provisioner.CertificateValidator{}
 		issIdentity    = a.intermediateIdentity
 	)
+
+	// Set backdate with the configured value
+	signOpts.Backdate = a.config.AuthorityConfig.Backdate.Duration
+
 	for _, op := range extraOpts {
 		switch k := op.(type) {
 		case provisioner.CertificateValidator:
@@ -136,14 +140,17 @@ func (a *Authority) Renew(oldCert *x509.Certificate) ([]*x509.Certificate, error
 	// Issuer
 	issIdentity := a.intermediateIdentity
 
-	now := time.Now().UTC()
+	// Durations
+	backdate := a.config.AuthorityConfig.Backdate.Duration
 	duration := oldCert.NotAfter.Sub(oldCert.NotBefore)
+	now := time.Now().UTC()
+
 	newCert := &x509.Certificate{
 		PublicKey:                   oldCert.PublicKey,
 		Issuer:                      issIdentity.Crt.Subject,
 		Subject:                     oldCert.Subject,
-		NotBefore:                   now,
-		NotAfter:                    now.Add(duration),
+		NotBefore:                   now.Add(-1 * backdate),
+		NotAfter:                    now.Add(duration - backdate),
 		KeyUsage:                    oldCert.KeyUsage,
 		UnhandledCriticalExtensions: oldCert.UnhandledCriticalExtensions,
 		ExtKeyUsage:                 oldCert.ExtKeyUsage,

ca/client_test.go

@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/errs"
+
 	"github.com/smallstep/assert"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/api"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/authority"
@@ -152,8 +154,8 @@ func equalJSON(t *testing.T, a interface{}, b interface{}) bool {
 
 func TestClient_Version(t *testing.T) {
 	ok := &api.VersionResponse{Version: "test"}
-	internal := api.InternalServerError(fmt.Errorf("Internal Server Error"))
-	notFound := api.NotFound(fmt.Errorf("Not Found"))
+	internal := errs.InternalServerError(fmt.Errorf("Internal Server Error"))
+	notFound := errs.NotFound(fmt.Errorf("Not Found"))
 
 	tests := []struct {
 		name         string
@@ -207,7 +209,7 @@ func TestClient_Version(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestClient_Health(t *testing.T) {
 	ok := &api.HealthResponse{Status: "ok"}
-	nok := api.InternalServerError(fmt.Errorf("Internal Server Error"))
+	nok := errs.InternalServerError(fmt.Errorf("Internal Server Error"))
 
 	tests := []struct {
 		name         string
@@ -262,7 +264,7 @@ func TestClient_Root(t *testing.T) {
 	ok := &api.RootResponse{
 		RootPEM: api.Certificate{Certificate: parseCertificate(rootPEM)},
 	}
-	notFound := api.NotFound(fmt.Errorf("Not Found"))
+	notFound := errs.NotFound(fmt.Errorf("Not Found"))
 
 	tests := []struct {
 		name         string
@@ -332,8 +334,8 @@ func TestClient_Sign(t *testing.T) {
 		NotBefore: api.NewTimeDuration(time.Now()),
 		NotAfter:  api.NewTimeDuration(time.Now().AddDate(0, 1, 0)),
 	}
-	unauthorized := api.Unauthorized(fmt.Errorf("Unauthorized"))
-	badRequest := api.BadRequest(fmt.Errorf("Bad Request"))
+	unauthorized := errs.Unauthorized(fmt.Errorf("Unauthorized"))
+	badRequest := errs.BadRequest(fmt.Errorf("Bad Request"))
 
 	tests := []struct {
 		name         string
@@ -407,8 +409,8 @@ func TestClient_Revoke(t *testing.T) {
 		OTT:        "the-ott",
 		ReasonCode: 4,
 	}
-	unauthorized := api.Unauthorized(fmt.Errorf("Unauthorized"))
-	badRequest := api.BadRequest(fmt.Errorf("Bad Request"))
+	unauthorized := errs.Unauthorized(fmt.Errorf("Unauthorized"))
+	badRequest := errs.BadRequest(fmt.Errorf("Bad Request"))
 
 	tests := []struct {
 		name         string
@@ -483,8 +485,8 @@ func TestClient_Renew(t *testing.T) {
 			{Certificate: parseCertificate(rootPEM)},
 		},
 	}
-	unauthorized := api.Unauthorized(fmt.Errorf("Unauthorized"))
-	badRequest := api.BadRequest(fmt.Errorf("Bad Request"))
+	unauthorized := errs.Unauthorized(fmt.Errorf("Unauthorized"))
+	badRequest := errs.BadRequest(fmt.Errorf("Bad Request"))
 
 	tests := []struct {
 		name         string
@@ -541,7 +543,7 @@ func TestClient_Provisioners(t *testing.T) {
 	ok := &api.ProvisionersResponse{
 		Provisioners: provisioner.List{},
 	}
-	internalServerError := api.InternalServerError(fmt.Errorf("Internal Server Error"))
+	internalServerError := errs.InternalServerError(fmt.Errorf("Internal Server Error"))
 
 	tests := []struct {
 		name         string
@@ -603,7 +605,7 @@ func TestClient_ProvisionerKey(t *testing.T) {
 	ok := &api.ProvisionerKeyResponse{
 		Key: "an encrypted key",
 	}
-	notFound := api.NotFound(fmt.Errorf("Not Found"))
+	notFound := errs.NotFound(fmt.Errorf("Not Found"))
 
 	tests := []struct {
 		name         string
@@ -664,8 +666,8 @@ func TestClient_Roots(t *testing.T) {
 			{Certificate: parseCertificate(rootPEM)},
 		},
 	}
-	unauthorized := api.Unauthorized(fmt.Errorf("Unauthorized"))
-	badRequest := api.BadRequest(fmt.Errorf("Bad Request"))
+	unauthorized := errs.Unauthorized(fmt.Errorf("Unauthorized"))
+	badRequest := errs.BadRequest(fmt.Errorf("Bad Request"))
 
 	tests := []struct {
 		name         string
@@ -724,8 +726,8 @@ func TestClient_Federation(t *testing.T) {
 			{Certificate: parseCertificate(rootPEM)},
 		},
 	}
-	unauthorized := api.Unauthorized(fmt.Errorf("Unauthorized"))
-	badRequest := api.BadRequest(fmt.Errorf("Bad Request"))
+	unauthorized := errs.Unauthorized(fmt.Errorf("Unauthorized"))
+	badRequest := errs.BadRequest(fmt.Errorf("Bad Request"))
 
 	tests := []struct {
 		name         string
@@ -788,7 +790,7 @@ func TestClient_SSHRoots(t *testing.T) {
 		HostKeys: []api.SSHPublicKey{{PublicKey: key}},
 		UserKeys: []api.SSHPublicKey{{PublicKey: key}},
 	}
-	notFound := api.NotFound(fmt.Errorf("Not Found"))
+	notFound := errs.NotFound(fmt.Errorf("Not Found"))
 
 	tests := []struct {
 		name         string
@@ -879,7 +881,7 @@ func Test_parseEndpoint(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestClient_RootFingerprint(t *testing.T) {
 	ok := &api.HealthResponse{Status: "ok"}
-	nok := api.InternalServerError(fmt.Errorf("Internal Server Error"))
+	nok := errs.InternalServerError(fmt.Errorf("Internal Server Error"))
 
 	httpsServer := httptest.NewTLSServer(nil)
 	defer httpsServer.Close()
@@ -946,7 +948,7 @@ func TestClient_SSHBastion(t *testing.T) {
 			Hostname: "bastion.local",
 		},
 	}
-	badRequest := api.BadRequest(fmt.Errorf("Bad Request"))
+	badRequest := errs.BadRequest(fmt.Errorf("Bad Request"))
 
 	tests := []struct {
 		name         string

ca/testdata/ca.json

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
         ]
     },
     "authority": {
+        "backdate": "0s",
         "provisioners": [
             {
                 "name": "max",

go.mod

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/pkg/errors v0.8.1
 	github.com/rs/xid v1.2.1
 	github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.4.2
-	github.com/smallstep/assert v0.0.0-20180720014142-de77670473b5
+	github.com/smallstep/assert v0.0.0-20200103212524-b99dc1097b15
 	github.com/smallstep/cli v0.14.0-rc.1.0.20191218000521-3e7348324838
 	github.com/smallstep/nosql v0.2.0
 	github.com/urfave/cli v1.20.1-0.20181029213200-b67dcf995b6a

go.sum

@@ -109,6 +109,8 @@ github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.4.2 h1:SPIRibHv4MatM3XXNO2BJeFLZwZ2LvZgfQ5+UNI2im4
 github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.4.2/go.mod h1:tLMulIdttU9McNUspp0xgXVQah82FyeX6MwdIuYE2rE=
 github.com/smallstep/assert v0.0.0-20180720014142-de77670473b5 h1:lX6ybsQW9Agn3qK/W1Z39Z4a6RyEMGem/gXUYW0axYk=
 github.com/smallstep/assert v0.0.0-20180720014142-de77670473b5/go.mod h1:TC9A4+RjIOS+HyTH7wG17/gSqVv95uDw2J64dQZx7RE=
+github.com/smallstep/assert v0.0.0-20200103212524-b99dc1097b15 h1:kSImCuenAkXtCaBeQ1UhmzzJGRhSm8sVH7I3sHE2Qdg=
+github.com/smallstep/assert v0.0.0-20200103212524-b99dc1097b15/go.mod h1:MyOHs9Po2fbM1LHej6sBUT8ozbxmMOFG+E+rx/GSGuc=
 github.com/smallstep/certificates v0.14.0-rc.1.0.20191023014154-4669bef8c700/go.mod h1:/WOAB2LkcjkEbKG5rDol+A22Lp3UsttkLPLkY7tVtuk=
 github.com/smallstep/certificates v0.14.0-rc.1.0.20191025192352-8ef9b020ed24/go.mod h1:043iBnsMvNhQ+QFwSh0N6JR3H2yamHPPAc78vCf+8Tc=
 github.com/smallstep/certificates v0.14.0-rc.1.0.20191126035953-e88034bea402/go.mod h1:r2UTcAZNriKlwvNNXymNAcF3iKL6mTYOYrOCtBYYGJU=
@@ -164,6 +166,7 @@ golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20190911031432-227b76d455e7 h1:0hQKqeLdqlt5iIwVOBErRi
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20190911031432-227b76d455e7/go.mod h1:yigFU9vqHzYiE8UmvKecakEJjdnWj3jj499lnFckfCI=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20191011191535-87dc89f01550 h1:ObdrDkeb4kJdCP557AjRjq69pTHfNouLtWZG7j9rPN8=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20191011191535-87dc89f01550/go.mod h1:yigFU9vqHzYiE8UmvKecakEJjdnWj3jj499lnFckfCI=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20191227163750-53104e6ec876 h1:sKJQZMuxjOAR/Uo2LBfU90onWEf1dF4C+0hPJCc9Mpc=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20180724234803-3673e40ba225/go.mod h1:mL1N/T3taQHkDXs73rZJwtUhF3w3ftmwwsq0BUmARs4=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190404232315-eb5bcb51f2a3/go.mod h1:t9HGtf8HONx5eT2rtn7q6eTqICYqUVnKs3thJo3Qplg=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190424112056-4829fb13d2c6/go.mod h1:t9HGtf8HONx5eT2rtn7q6eTqICYqUVnKs3thJo3Qplg=