569 lines
33 KiB
HTML
569 lines
33 KiB
HTML
<div id="readability-page-1" class="page">
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<article role="article">
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<p>For more than a decade the Web has used XMLHttpRequest (XHR) to achieve
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asynchronous requests in JavaScript. While very useful, XHR is not a very
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nice API. It suffers from lack of separation of concerns. The input, output
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and state are all managed by interacting with one object, and state is
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tracked using events. Also, the event-based model doesn’t play well with
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JavaScript’s recent focus on Promise- and generator-based asynchronous
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programming.</p>
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<p>The <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Fetch_API">Fetch API</a> intends
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to fix most of these problems. It does this by introducing the same primitives
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to JS that are used in the HTTP protocol. In addition, it introduces a
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utility function <code>fetch()</code> that succinctly captures the intention
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of retrieving a resource from the network.</p>
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<p>The <a href="https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org">Fetch specification</a>, which
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defines the API, nails down the semantics of a user agent fetching a resource.
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This, combined with ServiceWorkers, is an attempt to:</p>
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<ol>
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<li>Improve the offline experience.</li>
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<li>Expose the building blocks of the Web to the platform as part of the
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<a
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href="https://extensiblewebmanifesto.org/">extensible web movement</a>.</li>
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</ol>
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<p>As of this writing, the Fetch API is available in Firefox 39 (currently
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Nightly) and Chrome 42 (currently dev). Github has a <a href="https://github.com/github/fetch">Fetch polyfill</a>.</p>
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<h2>Feature detection</h2>
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<p>Fetch API support can be detected by checking for <code>Headers</code>,<code>Request</code>, <code>Response</code> or <code>fetch</code> on
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the <code>window</code> or <code>worker</code> scope.</p>
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<h2>Simple fetching</h2>
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<p>The most useful, high-level part of the Fetch API is the <code>fetch()</code> function.
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In its simplest form it takes a URL and returns a promise that resolves
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to the response. The response is captured as a <code>Response</code> object.</p>
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<div
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class="wp_syntax">
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<table>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td class="code"><pre class="javascript">fetch<span>(</span><span>"/data.json"</span><span>)</span>.<span>then</span><span>(</span><span>function</span><span>(</span>res<span>)</span> <span>{</span>
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<span>// res instanceof Response == true.</span>
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<span>if</span> <span>(</span>res.<span>ok</span><span>)</span> <span>{</span>
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res.<span>json</span><span>(</span><span>)</span>.<span>then</span><span>(</span><span>function</span><span>(</span>data<span>)</span> <span>{</span>
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console.<span>log</span><span>(</span>data.<span>entries</span><span>)</span><span>;</span>
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<span>}</span><span>)</span><span>;</span>
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<span>}</span> <span>else</span> <span>{</span>
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console.<span>log</span><span>(</span><span>"Looks like the response wasn't perfect, got status"</span><span>,</span> res.<span>status</span><span>)</span><span>;</span>
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<span>}</span>
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<span>}</span><span>,</span> <span>function</span><span>(</span>e<span>)</span> <span>{</span>
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console.<span>log</span><span>(</span><span>"Fetch failed!"</span><span>,</span> e<span>)</span><span>;</span>
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<span>}</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></pre>
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</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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</div>
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<p>Submitting some parameters, it would look like this:</p>
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<div class="wp_syntax">
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<table>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td class="code"><pre class="javascript">fetch<span>(</span><span>"http://www.example.org/submit.php"</span><span>,</span> <span>{</span>
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method<span>:</span> <span>"POST"</span><span>,</span>
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headers<span>:</span> <span>{</span>
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<span>"Content-Type"</span><span>:</span> <span>"application/x-www-form-urlencoded"</span>
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<span>}</span><span>,</span>
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body<span>:</span> <span>"firstName=Nikhil&favColor=blue&password=easytoguess"</span>
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<span>}</span><span>)</span>.<span>then</span><span>(</span><span>function</span><span>(</span>res<span>)</span> <span>{</span>
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<span>if</span> <span>(</span>res.<span>ok</span><span>)</span> <span>{</span>
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alert<span>(</span><span>"Perfect! Your settings are saved."</span><span>)</span><span>;</span>
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<span>}</span> <span>else</span> <span>if</span> <span>(</span>res.<span>status</span> <span>==</span> <span>401</span><span>)</span> <span>{</span>
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alert<span>(</span><span>"Oops! You are not authorized."</span><span>)</span><span>;</span>
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<span>}</span>
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<span>}</span><span>,</span> <span>function</span><span>(</span>e<span>)</span> <span>{</span>
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alert<span>(</span><span>"Error submitting form!"</span><span>)</span><span>;</span>
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<span>}</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></pre>
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</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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</div>
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<p>The <code>fetch()</code> function’s arguments are the same as those passed
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to the
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<br>
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<code>Request()</code> constructor, so you may directly pass arbitrarily
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complex requests to <code>fetch()</code> as discussed below.</p>
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<h2>Headers</h2>
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<p>Fetch introduces 3 interfaces. These are <code>Headers</code>, <code>Request</code> and
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<br>
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<code>Response</code>. They map directly to the underlying HTTP concepts,
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but have
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<br>certain visibility filters in place for privacy and security reasons,
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such as
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<br>supporting CORS rules and ensuring cookies aren’t readable by third parties.</p>
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<p>The <a href="https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#headers-class">Headers interface</a> is
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a simple multi-map of names to values:</p>
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<div class="wp_syntax">
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<table>
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||
<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td class="code"><pre class="javascript"><span>var</span> content <span>=</span> <span>"Hello World"</span><span>;</span>
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<span>var</span> reqHeaders <span>=</span> <span>new</span> Headers<span>(</span><span>)</span><span>;</span>
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reqHeaders.<span>append</span><span>(</span><span>"Content-Type"</span><span>,</span> <span>"text/plain"</span>
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reqHeaders.<span>append</span><span>(</span><span>"Content-Length"</span><span>,</span> content.<span>length</span>.<span>toString</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>;</span>
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reqHeaders.<span>append</span><span>(</span><span>"X-Custom-Header"</span><span>,</span> <span>"ProcessThisImmediately"</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></pre>
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</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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||
</table>
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||
</div>
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<p>The same can be achieved by passing an array of arrays or a JS object
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literal
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<br>to the constructor:</p>
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<div class="wp_syntax">
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<table>
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||
<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td class="code"><pre class="javascript">reqHeaders <span>=</span> <span>new</span> Headers<span>(</span><span>{</span>
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<span>"Content-Type"</span><span>:</span> <span>"text/plain"</span><span>,</span>
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<span>"Content-Length"</span><span>:</span> content.<span>length</span>.<span>toString</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>,</span>
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<span>"X-Custom-Header"</span><span>:</span> <span>"ProcessThisImmediately"</span><span>,</span>
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<span>}</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></pre>
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</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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</div>
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<p>The contents can be queried and retrieved:</p>
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<div class="wp_syntax">
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||
<table>
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||
<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td class="code"><pre class="javascript">console.<span>log</span><span>(</span>reqHeaders.<span>has</span><span>(</span><span>"Content-Type"</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> <span>// true</span>
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console.<span>log</span><span>(</span>reqHeaders.<span>has</span><span>(</span><span>"Set-Cookie"</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> <span>// false</span>
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reqHeaders.<span>set</span><span>(</span><span>"Content-Type"</span><span>,</span> <span>"text/html"</span><span>)</span><span>;</span>
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reqHeaders.<span>append</span><span>(</span><span>"X-Custom-Header"</span><span>,</span> <span>"AnotherValue"</span><span>)</span><span>;</span>
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console.<span>log</span><span>(</span>reqHeaders.<span>get</span><span>(</span><span>"Content-Length"</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> <span>// 11</span>
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console.<span>log</span><span>(</span>reqHeaders.<span>getAll</span><span>(</span><span>"X-Custom-Header"</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> <span>// ["ProcessThisImmediately", "AnotherValue"]</span>
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reqHeaders.<span>delete</span><span>(</span><span>"X-Custom-Header"</span><span>)</span><span>;</span>
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console.<span>log</span><span>(</span>reqHeaders.<span>getAll</span><span>(</span><span>"X-Custom-Header"</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> <span>// []</span></pre>
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</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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||
</table>
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||
</div>
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<p>Some of these operations are only useful in ServiceWorkers, but they provide
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<br>a much nicer API to Headers.</p>
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<p>Since Headers can be sent in requests, or received in responses, and have
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various limitations about what information can and should be mutable, <code>Headers</code> objects
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have a <strong>guard</strong> property. This is not exposed to the Web, but
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it affects which mutation operations are allowed on the Headers object.
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<br>Possible values are:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>“none”: default.</li>
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<li>“request”: guard for a Headers object obtained from a Request (<code>Request.headers</code>).</li>
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<li>“request-no-cors”: guard for a Headers object obtained from a Request
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created
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<br>with mode “no-cors”.</li>
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<li>“response”: naturally, for Headers obtained from Response (<code>Response.headers</code>).</li>
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||
<li>“immutable”: Mostly used for ServiceWorkers, renders a Headers object
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<br>read-only.</li>
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</ul>
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<p>The details of how each guard affects the behaviors of the Headers object
|
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are
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<br>in the <a href="https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org">specification</a>. For example,
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you may not append or set a “request” guarded Headers’ “Content-Length”
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header. Similarly, inserting “Set-Cookie” into a Response header is not
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allowed so that ServiceWorkers may not set cookies via synthesized Responses.</p>
|
||
<p>All of the Headers methods throw TypeError if <code>name</code> is not a
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||
<a
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href="https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-header-name">valid HTTP Header name</a>. The mutation operations will throw TypeError
|
||
if there is an immutable guard. Otherwise they fail silently. For example:</p>
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<div
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||
class="wp_syntax">
|
||
<table>
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||
<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td class="code"><pre class="javascript"><span>var</span> res <span>=</span> Response.<span>error</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>;</span>
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<span>try</span> <span>{</span>
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res.<span>headers</span>.<span>set</span><span>(</span><span>"Origin"</span><span>,</span> <span>"http://mybank.com"</span><span>)</span><span>;</span>
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<span>}</span> <span>catch</span><span>(</span>e<span>)</span> <span>{</span>
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console.<span>log</span><span>(</span><span>"Cannot pretend to be a bank!"</span><span>)</span><span>;</span>
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||
<span>}</span></pre>
|
||
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
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<h2>Request</h2>
|
||
|
||
<p>The Request interface defines a request to fetch a resource over HTTP.
|
||
URL, method and headers are expected, but the Request also allows specifying
|
||
a body, a request mode, credentials and cache hints.</p>
|
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<p>The simplest Request is of course, just a URL, as you may do to GET a
|
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resource.</p>
|
||
<div class="wp_syntax">
|
||
<table>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="code"><pre class="javascript"><span>var</span> req <span>=</span> <span>new</span> Request<span>(</span><span>"/index.html"</span><span>)</span><span>;</span>
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console.<span>log</span><span>(</span>req.<span>method</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> <span>// "GET"</span>
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console.<span>log</span><span>(</span>req.<span>url</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> <span>// "http://example.com/index.html"</span></pre>
|
||
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>You may also pass a Request to the <code>Request()</code> constructor to
|
||
create a copy.
|
||
<br>(This is not the same as calling the <code>clone()</code> method, which
|
||
is covered in
|
||
<br>the “Reading bodies” section.).</p>
|
||
<div class="wp_syntax">
|
||
<table>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="code"><pre class="javascript"><span>var</span> copy <span>=</span> <span>new</span> Request<span>(</span>req<span>)</span><span>;</span>
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console.<span>log</span><span>(</span>copy.<span>method</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> <span>// "GET"</span>
|
||
console.<span>log</span><span>(</span>copy.<span>url</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> <span>// "http://example.com/index.html"</span></pre>
|
||
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>Again, this form is probably only useful in ServiceWorkers.</p>
|
||
<p>The non-URL attributes of the <code>Request</code> can only be set by passing
|
||
initial
|
||
<br>values as a second argument to the constructor. This argument is a dictionary.</p>
|
||
<div
|
||
class="wp_syntax">
|
||
<table>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="code"><pre class="javascript"><span>var</span> uploadReq <span>=</span> <span>new</span> Request<span>(</span><span>"/uploadImage"</span><span>,</span> <span>{</span>
|
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method<span>:</span> <span>"POST"</span><span>,</span>
|
||
headers<span>:</span> <span>{</span>
|
||
<span>"Content-Type"</span><span>:</span> <span>"image/png"</span><span>,</span>
|
||
<span>}</span><span>,</span>
|
||
body<span>:</span> <span>"image data"</span>
|
||
<span>}</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></pre>
|
||
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>The Request’s mode is used to determine if cross-origin requests lead
|
||
to valid responses, and which properties on the response are readable.
|
||
Legal mode values are <code>"same-origin"</code>, <code>"no-cors"</code> (default)
|
||
and <code>"cors"</code>.</p>
|
||
<p>The <code>"same-origin"</code> mode is simple, if a request is made to another
|
||
origin with this mode set, the result is simply an error. You could use
|
||
this to ensure that
|
||
<br>a request is always being made to your origin.</p>
|
||
<div class="wp_syntax">
|
||
<table>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="code"><pre class="javascript"><span>var</span> arbitraryUrl <span>=</span> document.<span>getElementById</span><span>(</span><span>"url-input"</span><span>)</span>.<span>value</span><span>;</span>
|
||
fetch<span>(</span>arbitraryUrl<span>,</span> <span>{</span> mode<span>:</span> <span>"same-origin"</span> <span>}</span><span>)</span>.<span>then</span><span>(</span><span>function</span><span>(</span>res<span>)</span> <span>{</span>
|
||
console.<span>log</span><span>(</span><span>"Response succeeded?"</span><span>,</span> res.<span>ok</span><span>)</span><span>;</span>
|
||
<span>}</span><span>,</span> <span>function</span><span>(</span>e<span>)</span> <span>{</span>
|
||
console.<span>log</span><span>(</span><span>"Please enter a same-origin URL!"</span><span>)</span><span>;</span>
|
||
<span>}</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></pre>
|
||
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>The <code>"no-cors"</code> mode captures what the web platform does by default
|
||
for scripts you import from CDNs, images hosted on other domains, and so
|
||
on. First, it prevents the method from being anything other than “HEAD”,
|
||
“GET” or “POST”. Second, if any ServiceWorkers intercept these requests,
|
||
they may not add or override any headers except for <a href="https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#simple-header">these</a>.
|
||
Third, JavaScript may not access any properties of the resulting Response.
|
||
This ensures that ServiceWorkers do not affect the semantics of the Web
|
||
and prevents security and privacy issues that could arise from leaking
|
||
data across domains.</p>
|
||
<p><code>"cors"</code> mode is what you’ll usually use to make known cross-origin
|
||
requests to access various APIs offered by other vendors. These are expected
|
||
to adhere to
|
||
<br>the <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Access_control_CORS">CORS protocol</a>.
|
||
Only a <a href="https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-filtered-response-cors">limited set</a> of
|
||
headers is exposed in the Response, but the body is readable. For example,
|
||
you could get a list of Flickr’s <a href="https://www.flickr.com/services/api/flickr.interestingness.getList.html">most interesting</a> photos
|
||
today like this:</p>
|
||
<div class="wp_syntax">
|
||
<table>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="code"><pre class="javascript"><span>var</span> u <span>=</span> <span>new</span> URLSearchParams<span>(</span><span>)</span><span>;</span>
|
||
u.<span>append</span><span>(</span><span>'method'</span><span>,</span> <span>'flickr.interestingness.getList'</span><span>)</span><span>;</span>
|
||
u.<span>append</span><span>(</span><span>'api_key'</span><span>,</span> <span>'<insert api key here>'</span><span>)</span><span>;</span>
|
||
u.<span>append</span><span>(</span><span>'format'</span><span>,</span> <span>'json'</span><span>)</span><span>;</span>
|
||
u.<span>append</span><span>(</span><span>'nojsoncallback'</span><span>,</span> <span>'1'</span><span>)</span><span>;</span>
|
||
|
||
<span>var</span> apiCall <span>=</span> fetch<span>(</span><span>'https://api.flickr.com/services/rest?'</span> <span>+</span> u<span>)</span><span>;</span>
|
||
|
||
apiCall.<span>then</span><span>(</span><span>function</span><span>(</span>response<span>)</span> <span>{</span>
|
||
<span>return</span> response.<span>json</span><span>(</span><span>)</span>.<span>then</span><span>(</span><span>function</span><span>(</span>json<span>)</span> <span>{</span>
|
||
<span>// photo is a list of photos.</span>
|
||
<span>return</span> json.<span>photos</span>.<span>photo</span><span>;</span>
|
||
<span>}</span><span>)</span><span>;</span>
|
||
<span>}</span><span>)</span>.<span>then</span><span>(</span><span>function</span><span>(</span>photos<span>)</span> <span>{</span>
|
||
photos.<span>forEach</span><span>(</span><span>function</span><span>(</span>photo<span>)</span> <span>{</span>
|
||
console.<span>log</span><span>(</span>photo.<span>title</span><span>)</span><span>;</span>
|
||
<span>}</span><span>)</span><span>;</span>
|
||
<span>}</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></pre>
|
||
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>You may not read out the “Date” header since Flickr does not allow it
|
||
via
|
||
<br>
|
||
<code>Access-Control-Expose-Headers</code>.</p>
|
||
<div class="wp_syntax">
|
||
<table>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="code"><pre class="javascript">response.<span>headers</span>.<span>get</span><span>(</span><span>"Date"</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> <span>// null</span></pre>
|
||
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>The <code>credentials</code> enumeration determines if cookies for the other
|
||
domain are
|
||
<br>sent to cross-origin requests. This is similar to XHR’s <code>withCredentials</code>
|
||
|
||
<br>flag, but tri-valued as <code>"omit"</code> (default), <code>"same-origin"</code> and <code>"include"</code>.</p>
|
||
<p>The Request object will also give the ability to offer caching hints to
|
||
the user-agent. This is currently undergoing some <a href="https://github.com/slightlyoff/ServiceWorker/issues/585">security review</a>.
|
||
Firefox exposes the attribute, but it has no effect.</p>
|
||
<p>Requests have two read-only attributes that are relevant to ServiceWorkers
|
||
<br>intercepting them. There is the string <code>referrer</code>, which is
|
||
set by the UA to be
|
||
<br>the referrer of the Request. This may be an empty string. The other is
|
||
<br>
|
||
<code>context</code> which is a rather <a href="https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#requestcredentials">large enumeration</a> defining
|
||
what sort of resource is being fetched. This could be “image” if the request
|
||
is from an
|
||
<img>tag in the controlled document, “worker” if it is an attempt to load a
|
||
worker script, and so on. When used with the <code>fetch()</code> function,
|
||
it is “fetch”.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h2>Response</h2>
|
||
|
||
<p><code>Response</code> instances are returned by calls to <code>fetch()</code>.
|
||
They can also be created by JS, but this is only useful in ServiceWorkers.</p>
|
||
<p>We have already seen some attributes of Response when we looked at <code>fetch()</code>.
|
||
The most obvious candidates are <code>status</code>, an integer (default
|
||
value 200) and <code>statusText</code> (default value “OK”), which correspond
|
||
to the HTTP status code and reason. The <code>ok</code> attribute is just
|
||
a shorthand for checking that <code>status</code> is in the range 200-299
|
||
inclusive.</p>
|
||
<p><code>headers</code> is the Response’s Headers object, with guard “response”.
|
||
The <code>url</code> attribute reflects the URL of the corresponding request.</p>
|
||
<p>Response also has a <code>type</code>, which is “basic”, “cors”, “default”,
|
||
“error” or
|
||
<br>“opaque”.</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>"basic"</code>: normal, same origin response, with all headers exposed
|
||
except
|
||
<br>“Set-Cookie” and “Set-Cookie2″.</li>
|
||
<li><code>"cors"</code>: response was received from a valid cross-origin request.
|
||
<a
|
||
href="https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-filtered-response-cors">Certain headers and the body</a>may be accessed.</li>
|
||
<li><code>"error"</code>: network error. No useful information describing
|
||
the error is available. The Response’s status is 0, headers are empty and
|
||
immutable. This is the type for a Response obtained from <code>Response.error()</code>.</li>
|
||
<li><code>"opaque"</code>: response for “no-cors” request to cross-origin
|
||
resource. <a href="https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-filtered-response-opaque">Severely<br>
|
||
restricted</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>The “error” type results in the <code>fetch()</code> Promise rejecting with
|
||
TypeError.</p>
|
||
<p>There are certain attributes that are useful only in a ServiceWorker scope.
|
||
The
|
||
<br>idiomatic way to return a Response to an intercepted request in ServiceWorkers
|
||
is:</p>
|
||
<div class="wp_syntax">
|
||
<table>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="code"><pre class="javascript">addEventListener<span>(</span><span>'fetch'</span><span>,</span> <span>function</span><span>(</span>event<span>)</span> <span>{</span>
|
||
event.<span>respondWith</span><span>(</span><span>new</span> Response<span>(</span><span>"Response body"</span><span>,</span> <span>{</span>
|
||
headers<span>:</span> <span>{</span> <span>"Content-Type"</span> <span>:</span> <span>"text/plain"</span> <span>}</span>
|
||
<span>}</span><span>)</span><span>;</span>
|
||
<span>}</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></pre>
|
||
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>As you can see, Response has a two argument constructor, where both arguments
|
||
are optional. The first argument is a body initializer, and the second
|
||
is a dictionary to set the <code>status</code>, <code>statusText</code> and <code>headers</code>.</p>
|
||
<p>The static method <code>Response.error()</code> simply returns an error
|
||
response. Similarly, <code>Response.redirect(url, status)</code> returns
|
||
a Response resulting in
|
||
<br>a redirect to <code>url</code>.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h2>Dealing with bodies</h2>
|
||
|
||
<p>Both Requests and Responses may contain body data. We’ve been glossing
|
||
over it because of the various data types body may contain, but we will
|
||
cover it in detail now.</p>
|
||
<p>A body is an instance of any of the following types.</p>
|
||
<p>In addition, Request and Response both offer the following methods to
|
||
extract their body. These all return a Promise that is eventually resolved
|
||
with the actual content.</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>arrayBuffer()</code>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><code>blob()</code>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><code>json()</code>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><code>text()</code>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><code>formData()</code>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>This is a significant improvement over XHR in terms of ease of use of
|
||
non-text data!</p>
|
||
<p>Request bodies can be set by passing <code>body</code> parameters:</p>
|
||
<div
|
||
class="wp_syntax">
|
||
<table>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="code"><pre class="javascript"><span>var</span> form <span>=</span> <span>new</span> FormData<span>(</span>document.<span>getElementById</span><span>(</span><span>'login-form'</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>;</span>
|
||
fetch<span>(</span><span>"/login"</span><span>,</span> <span>{</span>
|
||
method<span>:</span> <span>"POST"</span><span>,</span>
|
||
body<span>:</span> form
|
||
<span>}</span><span>)</span></pre>
|
||
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>Responses take the first argument as the body.</p>
|
||
<div class="wp_syntax">
|
||
<table>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="code"><pre class="javascript"><span>var</span> res <span>=</span> <span>new</span> Response<span>(</span><span>new</span> File<span>(</span><span>[</span><span>"chunk"</span><span>,</span> <span>"chunk"</span><span>]</span><span>,</span> <span>"archive.zip"</span><span>,</span>
|
||
<span>{</span> type<span>:</span> <span>"application/zip"</span> <span>}</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></pre>
|
||
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>Both Request and Response (and by extension the <code>fetch()</code> function),
|
||
will try to intelligently <a href="https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-bodyinit-extract">determine the content type</a>.
|
||
Request will also automatically set a “Content-Type” header if none is
|
||
set in the dictionary.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h3>Streams and cloning</h3>
|
||
|
||
<p>It is important to realise that Request and Response bodies can only be
|
||
read once! Both interfaces have a boolean attribute <code>bodyUsed</code> to
|
||
determine if it is safe to read or not.</p>
|
||
<div class="wp_syntax">
|
||
<table>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="code"><pre class="javascript"><span>var</span> res <span>=</span> <span>new</span> Response<span>(</span><span>"one time use"</span><span>)</span><span>;</span>
|
||
console.<span>log</span><span>(</span>res.<span>bodyUsed</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> <span>// false</span>
|
||
res.<span>text</span><span>(</span><span>)</span>.<span>then</span><span>(</span><span>function</span><span>(</span>v<span>)</span> <span>{</span>
|
||
console.<span>log</span><span>(</span>res.<span>bodyUsed</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> <span>// true</span>
|
||
<span>}</span><span>)</span><span>;</span>
|
||
console.<span>log</span><span>(</span>res.<span>bodyUsed</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> <span>// true</span>
|
||
|
||
res.<span>text</span><span>(</span><span>)</span>.<span>catch</span><span>(</span><span>function</span><span>(</span>e<span>)</span> <span>{</span>
|
||
console.<span>log</span><span>(</span><span>"Tried to read already consumed Response"</span><span>)</span><span>;</span>
|
||
<span>}</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></pre>
|
||
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>This decision allows easing the transition to an eventual <a href="https://streams.spec.whatwg.org/">stream-based</a> Fetch
|
||
API. The intention is to let applications consume data as it arrives, allowing
|
||
for JavaScript to deal with larger files like videos, and perform things
|
||
like compression and editing on the fly.</p>
|
||
<p>Often, you’ll want access to the body multiple times. For example, you
|
||
can use the upcoming <a href="http://slightlyoff.github.io/ServiceWorker/spec/service_worker/index.html#cache-objects">Cache API</a> to
|
||
store Requests and Responses for offline use, and Cache requires bodies
|
||
to be available for reading.</p>
|
||
<p>So how do you read out the body multiple times within such constraints?
|
||
The API provides a <code>clone()</code> method on the two interfaces. This
|
||
will return a clone of the object, with a ‘new’ body. <code>clone()</code> MUST
|
||
be called before the body of the corresponding object has been used. That
|
||
is, <code>clone()</code> first, read later.</p>
|
||
<div class="wp_syntax">
|
||
<table>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="code"><pre class="javascript">addEventListener<span>(</span><span>'fetch'</span><span>,</span> <span>function</span><span>(</span>evt<span>)</span> <span>{</span>
|
||
<span>var</span> sheep <span>=</span> <span>new</span> Response<span>(</span><span>"Dolly"</span><span>)</span><span>;</span>
|
||
console.<span>log</span><span>(</span>sheep.<span>bodyUsed</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> <span>// false</span>
|
||
<span>var</span> clone <span>=</span> sheep.<span>clone</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>;</span>
|
||
console.<span>log</span><span>(</span>clone.<span>bodyUsed</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> <span>// false</span>
|
||
|
||
clone.<span>text</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>;</span>
|
||
console.<span>log</span><span>(</span>sheep.<span>bodyUsed</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> <span>// false</span>
|
||
console.<span>log</span><span>(</span>clone.<span>bodyUsed</span><span>)</span><span>;</span> <span>// true</span>
|
||
|
||
evt.<span>respondWith</span><span>(</span>cache.<span>add</span><span>(</span>sheep.<span>clone</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>)</span>.<span>then</span><span>(</span><span>function</span><span>(</span>e<span>)</span> <span>{</span>
|
||
<span>return</span> sheep<span>;</span>
|
||
<span>}</span><span>)</span><span>;</span>
|
||
<span>}</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></pre>
|
||
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<h2>Future improvements</h2>
|
||
|
||
<p>Along with the transition to streams, Fetch will eventually have the ability
|
||
to abort running <code>fetch()</code>es and some way to report the progress
|
||
of a fetch. These are provided by XHR, but are a little tricky to fit in
|
||
the Promise-based nature of the Fetch API.</p>
|
||
<p>You can contribute to the evolution of this API by participating in discussions
|
||
on the <a href="https://whatwg.org/mailing-list">WHATWG mailing list</a> and
|
||
in the issues in the <a href="https://www.w3.org/Bugs/Public/buglist.cgi?product=WHATWG&component=Fetch&resolution=---">Fetch</a> and
|
||
<a
|
||
href="https://github.com/slightlyoff/ServiceWorker/issues">ServiceWorker</a>specifications.</p>
|
||
<p>For a better web!</p>
|
||
<p><em>The author would like to thank Andrea Marchesini, Anne van Kesteren and Ben<br>
|
||
Kelly for helping with the specification and implementation.</em>
|
||
|
||
</p>
|
||
</article>
|
||
</div> |