mirror of
https://github.com/openai/openai-cookbook
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605 lines
20 KiB
Plaintext
605 lines
20 KiB
Plaintext
{
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"cells": [
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{
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"attachments": {},
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"cell_type": "markdown",
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"metadata": {},
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"source": [
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"# How to count tokens with tiktoken\n",
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"\n",
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"[`tiktoken`](https://github.com/openai/tiktoken/blob/main/README.md) is a fast open-source tokenizer by OpenAI.\n",
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"\n",
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"Given a text string (e.g., `\"tiktoken is great!\"`) and an encoding (e.g., `\"cl100k_base\"`), a tokenizer can split the text string into a list of tokens (e.g., `[\"t\", \"ik\", \"token\", \" is\", \" great\", \"!\"]`).\n",
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"\n",
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"Splitting text strings into tokens is useful because GPT models see text in the form of tokens. Knowing how many tokens are in a text string can tell you (a) whether the string is too long for a text model to process and (b) how much an OpenAI API call costs (as usage is priced by token).\n",
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"\n",
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"\n",
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"## Encodings\n",
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"\n",
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"Encodings specify how text is converted into tokens. Different models use different encodings.\n",
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"\n",
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"`tiktoken` supports three encodings used by OpenAI models:\n",
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"\n",
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"| Encoding name | OpenAI models |\n",
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"|-------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------|\n",
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"| `cl100k_base` | `gpt-4`, `gpt-3.5-turbo`, `text-embedding-ada-002` |\n",
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"| `p50k_base` | Codex models, `text-davinci-002`, `text-davinci-003`|\n",
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"| `r50k_base` (or `gpt2`) | GPT-3 models like `davinci` |\n",
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"\n",
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"You can retrieve the encoding for a model using `tiktoken.encoding_for_model()` as follows:\n",
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"```python\n",
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"encoding = tiktoken.encoding_for_model('gpt-3.5-turbo')\n",
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"```\n",
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"\n",
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"Note that `p50k_base` overlaps substantially with `r50k_base`, and for non-code applications, they will usually give the same tokens.\n",
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"\n",
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"## Tokenizer libraries by language\n",
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"\n",
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"For `cl100k_base` and `p50k_base` encodings:\n",
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"- Python: [tiktoken](https://github.com/openai/tiktoken/blob/main/README.md)\n",
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"- .NET / C#: [SharpToken](https://github.com/dmitry-brazhenko/SharpToken), [TiktokenSharp](https://github.com/aiqinxuancai/TiktokenSharp)\n",
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"- Java: [jtokkit](https://github.com/knuddelsgmbh/jtokkit)\n",
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"- Golang: [tiktoken-go](https://github.com/pkoukk/tiktoken-go)\n",
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"- Rust: [tiktoken-rs](https://github.com/zurawiki/tiktoken-rs)\n",
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"\n",
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"For `r50k_base` (`gpt2`) encodings, tokenizers are available in many languages.\n",
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"- Python: [tiktoken](https://github.com/openai/tiktoken/blob/main/README.md) (or alternatively [GPT2TokenizerFast](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/gpt2#transformers.GPT2TokenizerFast))\n",
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"- JavaScript: [gpt-3-encoder](https://www.npmjs.com/package/gpt-3-encoder)\n",
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"- .NET / C#: [GPT Tokenizer](https://github.com/dluc/openai-tools)\n",
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"- Java: [gpt2-tokenizer-java](https://github.com/hyunwoongko/gpt2-tokenizer-java)\n",
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"- PHP: [GPT-3-Encoder-PHP](https://github.com/CodeRevolutionPlugins/GPT-3-Encoder-PHP)\n",
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"- Golang: [tiktoken-go](https://github.com/pkoukk/tiktoken-go)\n",
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"- Rust: [tiktoken-rs](https://github.com/zurawiki/tiktoken-rs)\n",
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"\n",
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"(OpenAI makes no endorsements or guarantees of third-party libraries.)\n",
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"\n",
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"\n",
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"## How strings are typically tokenized\n",
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"\n",
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"In English, tokens commonly range in length from one character to one word (e.g., `\"t\"` or `\" great\"`), though in some languages tokens can be shorter than one character or longer than one word. Spaces are usually grouped with the starts of words (e.g., `\" is\"` instead of `\"is \"` or `\" \"`+`\"is\"`). You can quickly check how a string is tokenized at the [OpenAI Tokenizer](https://beta.openai.com/tokenizer), or the third-party [Tiktokenizer](https://tiktokenizer.vercel.app/) webapp."
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]
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},
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{
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"attachments": {},
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"cell_type": "markdown",
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"metadata": {},
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"source": [
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"## 0. Install `tiktoken`\n",
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"\n",
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"If needed, install `tiktoken` with `pip`:"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": null,
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [],
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"source": [
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"%pip install --upgrade tiktoken\n",
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"%pip install --upgrade openai"
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]
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},
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{
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"attachments": {},
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"cell_type": "markdown",
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"metadata": {},
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"source": [
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"## 1. Import `tiktoken`"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": 2,
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [],
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"source": [
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"import tiktoken"
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]
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},
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{
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"attachments": {},
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"cell_type": "markdown",
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"metadata": {},
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"source": [
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"## 2. Load an encoding\n",
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"\n",
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"Use `tiktoken.get_encoding()` to load an encoding by name.\n",
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"\n",
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"The first time this runs, it will require an internet connection to download. Later runs won't need an internet connection."
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": 3,
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [],
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"source": [
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"encoding = tiktoken.get_encoding(\"cl100k_base\")\n"
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]
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},
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{
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"attachments": {},
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"cell_type": "markdown",
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"metadata": {},
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"source": [
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"Use `tiktoken.encoding_for_model()` to automatically load the correct encoding for a given model name."
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": 4,
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [],
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"source": [
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"encoding = tiktoken.encoding_for_model(\"gpt-3.5-turbo\")"
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]
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},
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{
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"attachments": {},
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"cell_type": "markdown",
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"metadata": {},
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"source": [
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"## 3. Turn text into tokens with `encoding.encode()`\n",
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"\n"
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]
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},
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{
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"attachments": {},
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"cell_type": "markdown",
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"metadata": {},
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"source": [
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"The `.encode()` method converts a text string into a list of token integers."
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": 5,
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [
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{
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"data": {
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"text/plain": [
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"[83, 1609, 5963, 374, 2294, 0]"
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]
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},
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"execution_count": 5,
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"metadata": {},
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"output_type": "execute_result"
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}
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],
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"source": [
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"encoding.encode(\"tiktoken is great!\")\n"
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]
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},
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{
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"attachments": {},
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"cell_type": "markdown",
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"metadata": {},
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"source": [
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"Count tokens by counting the length of the list returned by `.encode()`."
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": 6,
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [],
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"source": [
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"def num_tokens_from_string(string: str, encoding_name: str) -> int:\n",
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" \"\"\"Returns the number of tokens in a text string.\"\"\"\n",
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" encoding = tiktoken.get_encoding(encoding_name)\n",
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" num_tokens = len(encoding.encode(string))\n",
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" return num_tokens\n"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": 7,
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [
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{
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"data": {
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"text/plain": [
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"6"
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]
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},
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"execution_count": 7,
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"metadata": {},
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"output_type": "execute_result"
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}
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],
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"source": [
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"num_tokens_from_string(\"tiktoken is great!\", \"cl100k_base\")\n"
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]
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},
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{
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"attachments": {},
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"cell_type": "markdown",
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"metadata": {},
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"source": [
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"## 4. Turn tokens into text with `encoding.decode()`"
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]
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},
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{
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"attachments": {},
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"cell_type": "markdown",
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"metadata": {},
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"source": [
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"`.decode()` converts a list of token integers to a string."
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": 8,
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [
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{
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"data": {
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"text/plain": [
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"'tiktoken is great!'"
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]
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},
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"execution_count": 8,
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"metadata": {},
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"output_type": "execute_result"
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}
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],
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"source": [
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"encoding.decode([83, 1609, 5963, 374, 2294, 0])\n"
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]
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},
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{
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"attachments": {},
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"cell_type": "markdown",
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"metadata": {},
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"source": [
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"Warning: although `.decode()` can be applied to single tokens, beware that it can be lossy for tokens that aren't on utf-8 boundaries."
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]
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},
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{
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"attachments": {},
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"cell_type": "markdown",
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"metadata": {},
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"source": [
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"For single tokens, `.decode_single_token_bytes()` safely converts a single integer token to the bytes it represents."
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": 9,
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [
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{
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"data": {
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"text/plain": [
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"[b't', b'ik', b'token', b' is', b' great', b'!']"
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]
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},
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"execution_count": 9,
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"metadata": {},
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"output_type": "execute_result"
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}
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],
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"source": [
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"[encoding.decode_single_token_bytes(token) for token in [83, 1609, 5963, 374, 2294, 0]]\n"
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]
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},
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{
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"attachments": {},
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"cell_type": "markdown",
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"metadata": {},
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"source": [
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"(The `b` in front of the strings indicates that the strings are byte strings.)"
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]
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},
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{
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"attachments": {},
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"cell_type": "markdown",
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"metadata": {},
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"source": [
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"## 5. Comparing encodings\n",
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"\n",
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"Different encodings vary in how they split words, group spaces, and handle non-English characters. Using the methods above, we can compare different encodings on a few example strings."
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": 10,
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [],
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"source": [
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"def compare_encodings(example_string: str) -> None:\n",
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" \"\"\"Prints a comparison of three string encodings.\"\"\"\n",
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" # print the example string\n",
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" print(f'\\nExample string: \"{example_string}\"')\n",
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" # for each encoding, print the # of tokens, the token integers, and the token bytes\n",
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" for encoding_name in [\"r50k_base\", \"p50k_base\", \"cl100k_base\"]:\n",
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" encoding = tiktoken.get_encoding(encoding_name)\n",
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" token_integers = encoding.encode(example_string)\n",
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" num_tokens = len(token_integers)\n",
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" token_bytes = [encoding.decode_single_token_bytes(token) for token in token_integers]\n",
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" print()\n",
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" print(f\"{encoding_name}: {num_tokens} tokens\")\n",
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" print(f\"token integers: {token_integers}\")\n",
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" print(f\"token bytes: {token_bytes}\")\n",
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" "
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": 11,
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [
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{
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"name": "stdout",
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"output_type": "stream",
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"text": [
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"\n",
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"Example string: \"antidisestablishmentarianism\"\n",
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"\n",
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"r50k_base: 5 tokens\n",
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"token integers: [415, 29207, 44390, 3699, 1042]\n",
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"token bytes: [b'ant', b'idis', b'establishment', b'arian', b'ism']\n",
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"\n",
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"p50k_base: 5 tokens\n",
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"token integers: [415, 29207, 44390, 3699, 1042]\n",
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"token bytes: [b'ant', b'idis', b'establishment', b'arian', b'ism']\n",
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"\n",
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"cl100k_base: 6 tokens\n",
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"token integers: [519, 85342, 34500, 479, 8997, 2191]\n",
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"token bytes: [b'ant', b'idis', b'establish', b'ment', b'arian', b'ism']\n"
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]
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}
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],
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"source": [
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"compare_encodings(\"antidisestablishmentarianism\")\n"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": 12,
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [
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{
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"name": "stdout",
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"output_type": "stream",
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"text": [
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"\n",
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"Example string: \"2 + 2 = 4\"\n",
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"\n",
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"r50k_base: 5 tokens\n",
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"token integers: [17, 1343, 362, 796, 604]\n",
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"token bytes: [b'2', b' +', b' 2', b' =', b' 4']\n",
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"\n",
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"p50k_base: 5 tokens\n",
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"token integers: [17, 1343, 362, 796, 604]\n",
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"token bytes: [b'2', b' +', b' 2', b' =', b' 4']\n",
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"\n",
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"cl100k_base: 7 tokens\n",
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"token integers: [17, 489, 220, 17, 284, 220, 19]\n",
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"token bytes: [b'2', b' +', b' ', b'2', b' =', b' ', b'4']\n"
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]
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}
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],
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"source": [
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"compare_encodings(\"2 + 2 = 4\")\n"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": 13,
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [
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{
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"name": "stdout",
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"output_type": "stream",
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"text": [
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"\n",
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"Example string: \"お誕生日おめでとう\"\n",
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"\n",
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"r50k_base: 14 tokens\n",
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"token integers: [2515, 232, 45739, 243, 37955, 33768, 98, 2515, 232, 1792, 223, 30640, 30201, 29557]\n",
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"token bytes: [b'\\xe3\\x81', b'\\x8a', b'\\xe8\\xaa', b'\\x95', b'\\xe7\\x94\\x9f', b'\\xe6\\x97', b'\\xa5', b'\\xe3\\x81', b'\\x8a', b'\\xe3\\x82', b'\\x81', b'\\xe3\\x81\\xa7', b'\\xe3\\x81\\xa8', b'\\xe3\\x81\\x86']\n",
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"\n",
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"p50k_base: 14 tokens\n",
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"token integers: [2515, 232, 45739, 243, 37955, 33768, 98, 2515, 232, 1792, 223, 30640, 30201, 29557]\n",
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"token bytes: [b'\\xe3\\x81', b'\\x8a', b'\\xe8\\xaa', b'\\x95', b'\\xe7\\x94\\x9f', b'\\xe6\\x97', b'\\xa5', b'\\xe3\\x81', b'\\x8a', b'\\xe3\\x82', b'\\x81', b'\\xe3\\x81\\xa7', b'\\xe3\\x81\\xa8', b'\\xe3\\x81\\x86']\n",
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"\n",
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"cl100k_base: 9 tokens\n",
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"token integers: [33334, 45918, 243, 21990, 9080, 33334, 62004, 16556, 78699]\n",
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"token bytes: [b'\\xe3\\x81\\x8a', b'\\xe8\\xaa', b'\\x95', b'\\xe7\\x94\\x9f', b'\\xe6\\x97\\xa5', b'\\xe3\\x81\\x8a', b'\\xe3\\x82\\x81', b'\\xe3\\x81\\xa7', b'\\xe3\\x81\\xa8\\xe3\\x81\\x86']\n"
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]
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}
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],
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"source": [
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"compare_encodings(\"お誕生日おめでとう\")\n"
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]
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},
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{
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"attachments": {},
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"cell_type": "markdown",
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"metadata": {},
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"source": [
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"## 6. Counting tokens for chat completions API calls\n",
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"\n",
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"ChatGPT models like `gpt-3.5-turbo` and `gpt-4` use tokens in the same way as older completions models, but because of their message-based formatting, it's more difficult to count how many tokens will be used by a conversation.\n",
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"\n",
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"Below is an example function for counting tokens for messages passed to `gpt-3.5-turbo` or `gpt-4`.\n",
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"\n",
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"Note that the exact way that tokens are counted from messages may change from model to model. Consider the counts from the function below an estimate, not a timeless guarantee.\n",
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"\n",
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"In particular, requests that use the optional functions input will consume extra tokens on top of the estimates calculated below."
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": 14,
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [],
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"source": [
|
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"def num_tokens_from_messages(messages, model=\"gpt-3.5-turbo-0613\"):\n",
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" \"\"\"Return the number of tokens used by a list of messages.\"\"\"\n",
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" try:\n",
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" encoding = tiktoken.encoding_for_model(model)\n",
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" except KeyError:\n",
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" print(\"Warning: model not found. Using cl100k_base encoding.\")\n",
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" encoding = tiktoken.get_encoding(\"cl100k_base\")\n",
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" if model in {\n",
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" \"gpt-3.5-turbo-0613\",\n",
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" \"gpt-3.5-turbo-16k-0613\",\n",
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" \"gpt-4-0314\",\n",
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" \"gpt-4-32k-0314\",\n",
|
|
" \"gpt-4-0613\",\n",
|
|
" \"gpt-4-32k-0613\",\n",
|
|
" }:\n",
|
|
" tokens_per_message = 3\n",
|
|
" tokens_per_name = 1\n",
|
|
" elif model == \"gpt-3.5-turbo-0301\":\n",
|
|
" tokens_per_message = 4 # every message follows <|start|>{role/name}\\n{content}<|end|>\\n\n",
|
|
" tokens_per_name = -1 # if there's a name, the role is omitted\n",
|
|
" elif \"gpt-3.5-turbo\" in model:\n",
|
|
" print(\"Warning: gpt-3.5-turbo may update over time. Returning num tokens assuming gpt-3.5-turbo-0613.\")\n",
|
|
" return num_tokens_from_messages(messages, model=\"gpt-3.5-turbo-0613\")\n",
|
|
" elif \"gpt-4\" in model:\n",
|
|
" print(\"Warning: gpt-4 may update over time. Returning num tokens assuming gpt-4-0613.\")\n",
|
|
" return num_tokens_from_messages(messages, model=\"gpt-4-0613\")\n",
|
|
" else:\n",
|
|
" raise NotImplementedError(\n",
|
|
" f\"\"\"num_tokens_from_messages() is not implemented for model {model}. See https://github.com/openai/openai-python/blob/main/chatml.md for information on how messages are converted to tokens.\"\"\"\n",
|
|
" )\n",
|
|
" num_tokens = 0\n",
|
|
" for message in messages:\n",
|
|
" num_tokens += tokens_per_message\n",
|
|
" for key, value in message.items():\n",
|
|
" num_tokens += len(encoding.encode(value))\n",
|
|
" if key == \"name\":\n",
|
|
" num_tokens += tokens_per_name\n",
|
|
" num_tokens += 3 # every reply is primed with <|start|>assistant<|message|>\n",
|
|
" return num_tokens\n"
|
|
]
|
|
},
|
|
{
|
|
"cell_type": "code",
|
|
"execution_count": 15,
|
|
"metadata": {},
|
|
"outputs": [
|
|
{
|
|
"name": "stdout",
|
|
"output_type": "stream",
|
|
"text": [
|
|
"gpt-3.5-turbo-0301\n",
|
|
"127 prompt tokens counted by num_tokens_from_messages().\n",
|
|
"127 prompt tokens counted by the OpenAI API.\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
"gpt-3.5-turbo-0613\n",
|
|
"129 prompt tokens counted by num_tokens_from_messages().\n",
|
|
"129 prompt tokens counted by the OpenAI API.\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
"gpt-3.5-turbo\n",
|
|
"Warning: gpt-3.5-turbo may update over time. Returning num tokens assuming gpt-3.5-turbo-0613.\n",
|
|
"129 prompt tokens counted by num_tokens_from_messages().\n",
|
|
"129 prompt tokens counted by the OpenAI API.\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
"gpt-4-0314\n",
|
|
"129 prompt tokens counted by num_tokens_from_messages().\n",
|
|
"129 prompt tokens counted by the OpenAI API.\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
"gpt-4-0613\n",
|
|
"129 prompt tokens counted by num_tokens_from_messages().\n",
|
|
"129 prompt tokens counted by the OpenAI API.\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
"gpt-4\n",
|
|
"Warning: gpt-4 may update over time. Returning num tokens assuming gpt-4-0613.\n",
|
|
"129 prompt tokens counted by num_tokens_from_messages().\n",
|
|
"129 prompt tokens counted by the OpenAI API.\n",
|
|
"\n"
|
|
]
|
|
}
|
|
],
|
|
"source": [
|
|
"# let's verify the function above matches the OpenAI API response\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
"import openai\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
"example_messages = [\n",
|
|
" {\n",
|
|
" \"role\": \"system\",\n",
|
|
" \"content\": \"You are a helpful, pattern-following assistant that translates corporate jargon into plain English.\",\n",
|
|
" },\n",
|
|
" {\n",
|
|
" \"role\": \"system\",\n",
|
|
" \"name\": \"example_user\",\n",
|
|
" \"content\": \"New synergies will help drive top-line growth.\",\n",
|
|
" },\n",
|
|
" {\n",
|
|
" \"role\": \"system\",\n",
|
|
" \"name\": \"example_assistant\",\n",
|
|
" \"content\": \"Things working well together will increase revenue.\",\n",
|
|
" },\n",
|
|
" {\n",
|
|
" \"role\": \"system\",\n",
|
|
" \"name\": \"example_user\",\n",
|
|
" \"content\": \"Let's circle back when we have more bandwidth to touch base on opportunities for increased leverage.\",\n",
|
|
" },\n",
|
|
" {\n",
|
|
" \"role\": \"system\",\n",
|
|
" \"name\": \"example_assistant\",\n",
|
|
" \"content\": \"Let's talk later when we're less busy about how to do better.\",\n",
|
|
" },\n",
|
|
" {\n",
|
|
" \"role\": \"user\",\n",
|
|
" \"content\": \"This late pivot means we don't have time to boil the ocean for the client deliverable.\",\n",
|
|
" },\n",
|
|
"]\n",
|
|
"\n",
|
|
"for model in [\n",
|
|
" \"gpt-3.5-turbo-0301\",\n",
|
|
" \"gpt-3.5-turbo-0613\",\n",
|
|
" \"gpt-3.5-turbo\",\n",
|
|
" \"gpt-4-0314\",\n",
|
|
" \"gpt-4-0613\",\n",
|
|
" \"gpt-4\",\n",
|
|
" ]:\n",
|
|
" print(model)\n",
|
|
" # example token count from the function defined above\n",
|
|
" print(f\"{num_tokens_from_messages(example_messages, model)} prompt tokens counted by num_tokens_from_messages().\")\n",
|
|
" # example token count from the OpenAI API\n",
|
|
" response = openai.ChatCompletion.create(\n",
|
|
" model=model,\n",
|
|
" messages=example_messages,\n",
|
|
" temperature=0,\n",
|
|
" max_tokens=1, # we're only counting input tokens here, so let's not waste tokens on the output\n",
|
|
" )\n",
|
|
" print(f'{response[\"usage\"][\"prompt_tokens\"]} prompt tokens counted by the OpenAI API.')\n",
|
|
" print()\n"
|
|
]
|
|
}
|
|
],
|
|
"metadata": {
|
|
"kernelspec": {
|
|
"display_name": "Python 3",
|
|
"language": "python",
|
|
"name": "python3"
|
|
},
|
|
"language_info": {
|
|
"codemirror_mode": {
|
|
"name": "ipython",
|
|
"version": 3
|
|
},
|
|
"file_extension": ".py",
|
|
"mimetype": "text/x-python",
|
|
"name": "python",
|
|
"nbconvert_exporter": "python",
|
|
"pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
|
|
"version": "3.9.13"
|
|
},
|
|
"vscode": {
|
|
"interpreter": {
|
|
"hash": "365536dcbde60510dc9073d6b991cd35db2d9bac356a11f5b64279a5e6708b97"
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
},
|
|
"nbformat": 4,
|
|
"nbformat_minor": 2
|
|
}
|