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- " https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon | \n",
- " Photon | \n",
- " Photons (from Greek φως, meaning light), in many atomic models in physics, are particles which transmit light. In other words, light is carried over space by photons. Photon is an elementary particle that is its own antiparticle. In quantum mechanics each photon has a characteristic quantum of energy that depends on frequency: A photon associated with light at a higher frequency will have more energy (and be associated with light at a shorter wavelength).\\n\\nPhotons have a rest mass of 0 (zero). However, Einstein's theory of relativity says that they do have a certain amount of momentum. Before the photon got its name, Einstein revived the proposal that light is separate pieces of energy (particles). These particles came to be known as photons. \\n\\nA photon is usually given the symbol γ (gamma),\\n\\nProperties \\n\\nPhotons are fundamental particles. Although they can be created and destroyed, their lifetime is infinite.\\n\\nIn a vacuum, all photons move at the speed of light, c, which is equal to 299,792,458 meters (approximately 300,000 kilometers) per second.\\n\\nA photon has a given frequency, which determines its color. Radio technology makes great use of frequency. Beyond the visible range, frequency is less discussed, for example it is little used in distinguishing between X-Ray photons and infrared. Frequency is equivalent to the quantum energy of the photon, as related by the Planck constant equation,\\n\\n,\\n\\nwhere is the photon's energy, is the Plank constant, and is the frequency of the light associated with the photon. This frequency, , is typically measured in cycles per second, or equivalently, in Hz. The quantum energy of different photons is often used in cameras, and other machines that use visible and higher than visible radiation. This because these photons are energetic enough to ionize atoms. \\n\\nAnother property of a photon is its wavelength. The frequency , wavelength , and speed of light are related by the equation,\\n\\n,\\n\\nwhere (lambda) is the wavelength, or length of the wave (typically measured in meters.)\\n\\nAnother important property of a photon is its polarity. If you saw a giant photon coming straight at you, it could appear as a swath whipping vertically, horizontally, or somewhere in between. Polarized sunglasses stop photons swinging up and down from passing. This is how they reduce glare as light bouncing off of surfaces tend to fly that way. Liquid crystal displays also use polarity to control which light passes through. Some animals can see light polarization. \\n\\nFinally, a photon has a property called spin. Spin is related to light's circular polarization.\\n\\nPhoton interactions with matter\\nLight is often created or absorbed when an electron gains or loses energy. This energy can be in the form of heat, kinetic energy, or other form. For example, an incandescent light bulb uses heat. The increase of energy can push an electron up one level in a shell called a \"valence\". This makes it unstable, and like everything, it wants to be in the lowest energy state. (If being in the lowest energy state is confusing, pick up a pencil and drop it. Once on the ground, the pencil will be in a lower energy state). When the electron drops back down to a lower energy state, it needs to release the energy that hit it, and it must obey the conservation of energy (energy can neither be created nor destroyed). Electrons release this energy as photons, and at higher intensities, this photon can be seen as visible light.\\n\\nPhotons and the electromagnetic force\\nIn particle physics, photons are responsible for electromagnetic force. Electromagnetism is an idea that combines electricity with magnetism. One common way that we experience electromagnetism in our daily lives is light, which is caused by electromagnetism. Electromagnetism is also responsible for charge, which is the reason that you can not push your hand through a table. Since photons are the force-carrying particle of electromagnetism, they are also gauge bosons. Some matter–called dark matter–is not believed to be affected by electromagnetism. This would mean that dark matter does not have a charge, and does not give off light.\\n\\nRelated pages\\n Particle physics\\n\\nBasic physics ideas\\nElectromagnetism\\nLight\\nElementary particles | \n",
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- " https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Dolby | \n",
- " Thomas Dolby | \n",
- " Thomas Dolby (born Thomas Morgan Robertson; 14 October 1958) is a British musican and computer designer. He is probably most famous for his 1982 hit, \"She Blinded me with Science\".\\n\\nHe married actress Kathleen Beller in 1988. The couple have three children together.\\n\\nDiscography\\n\\nSingles\\n\\nA Track did not chart in North America until 1983, after the success of \"She Blinded Me With Science\".\\n\\nAlbums\\n\\nStudio albums\\n\\nEPs\\n\\nReferences\\n\\nEnglish musicians\\nLiving people\\n1958 births\\nNew wave musicians\\nWarner Bros. Records artists | \n",
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- " https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embroidery | \n",
- " Embroidery | \n",
- " Embroidery is the art of decorating fabric or other materials with designs stitched in strands of thread or yarn using a needle. Embroidery may also incorporate other materials such as metal strips, pearls, beads, quills, and sequins. Sewing machines can be used to create machine embroidery.\\n\\nQualifications \\nCity and Guilds qualification in Embroidery allows embroiderers to become recognized for their skill. This qualification also gives them the credibility to teach. For example, the notable textiles artist, Kathleen Laurel Sage, began her teaching career by getting the City and Guilds Embroidery 1 and 2 qualifications. She has now gone on to write a book on the subject.\\n\\nReferences\\n\\nOther websites\\n The Crimson Thread of Kinship at the National Museum of Australia\\n\\nNeedlework | \n",
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- " https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consecutive%20integer | \n",
- " Consecutive integer | \n",
- " Consecutive numbers are numbers that follow each other in order. They have a difference of 1 between every two numbers. In a set of consecutive numbers, the mean and the median are equal. \\n\\nIf n is a number, then the next numbers will be n+1 and n+2. \\n\\nExamples \\n\\nConsecutive numbers that follow each other in order:\\n\\n 1, 2, 3, 4, 5\\n -3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4\\n 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13\\n\\nConsecutive even numbers \\nConsecutive even numbers are even numbers that follow each other. They have a difference of 2 between every two numbers.\\n\\nIf n is an even integer, then n, n+2, n+4 and n+6 will be consecutive even numbers.\\n\\nFor example - 2,4,6,8,10,12,14,18 etc.\\n\\nConsecutive odd numbers\\nConsecutive odd numbers are odd numbers that follow each other. Like consecutive odd numbers, they have a difference of 2 between every two numbers.\\n\\nIf n is an odd integer, then n, n+2, n+4 and n+6 will be consecutive odd numbers.\\n\\nExamples\\n\\n3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, etc.\\n\\n−23, −21, −19, −17, −15, -13, -11\\n\\nIntegers | \n",
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- " https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/German%20Empire | \n",
- " German Empire | \n",
- " The German Empire (\"Deutsches Reich\" or \"Deutsches Kaiserreich\" in the German language) is the name for a group of German countries from January 18, 1871 to November 9, 1918. This is from the Unification of Germany when Wilhelm I of Prussia was made German Kaiser to when the third Emperor Wilhelm II was removed from power at the end of the First World War. In the 1920s, German nationalists started to call it the \"Second Reich\".\\n\\nThe name of Germany was \"Deutsches Reich\" until 1945. \"Reich\" can mean many things, empire, kingdom, state, \"richness\" or \"wealth\". Most members of the Empire were previously members of the North German Confederation. \\n\\nAt different times, there were three groups of smaller countries, each group was later called a \"Reich\" by some Germans. The first was the Holy Roman Empire. The second was the German Empire. The third was the Third Reich.\\n\\nThe words \"Second Reich\" were used for the German Empire by Arthur Moeller van den Bruck, a nationalist writer in the 1920s. He was trying to make a link with the earlier Holy Roman Empire which had once been very strong. Germany had lost First World War and was suffering big problems. van den Bruck wanted to start a \"Third Reich\" to unite the country. These words were later used by the Nazis to make themselves appear stronger.\\n\\nStates in the Empire\\n\\nRelated pages\\n Germany\\n Holy Roman Empire\\n Nazi Germany, or \"Drittes Reich\"\\n\\n1870s establishments in Germany\\n \\nStates and territories disestablished in the 20th century\\nStates and territories established in the 19th century\\n1871 establishments in Europe\\n1918 disestablishments in Germany | \n",
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