[](https://github.com/codespaces/new?hide_repo_select=true&ref=main&repo=468576060&machine=basicLinux32gb&location=EastUs)
- [Question answering using a search API and re-ranking](https://github.com/openai/openai-cookbook/blob/main/examples/Question_answering_using_a_search_API.ipynb) [June 16, 2023]
- [How to call functions with Chat models](https://github.com/openai/openai-cookbook/blob/main/examples/How_to_call_functions_with_chat_models.ipynb) [June 13, 2023]
- [How to create dynamic masks with DALL·E and Segment Anything](examples/dalle/How_to_create_dynamic_masks_with_DALL-E_and_Segment_Anything.ipynb) [May 19, 2023]
People are writing great tools and papers for improving outputs from GPT. Here are some cool ones we've seen:
### Prompting libraries & tools
- [Guidance](https://github.com/microsoft/guidance): A handy looking Python library from Microsoft that uses Handlebars templating to interleave generation, prompting, and logical control.
- [LangChain](https://github.com/hwchase17/langchain): A popular Python/JavaScript library for chaining sequences of language model prompts.
- [FLAML (A Fast Library for Automated Machine Learning & Tuning)](https://microsoft.github.io/FLAML/docs/Getting-Started/): A Python library for automating selection of models, hyperparameters, and other tunable choices.
- [Chainlit](https://docs.chainlit.io/overview): A Python library for making chatbot interfaces.
- [Guardrails.ai](https://shreyar.github.io/guardrails/): A Python library for validating outputs and retrying failures. Still in alpha, so expect sharp edges and bugs.
- [Semantic Kernel](https://devblogs.microsoft.com/semantic-kernel/): A Python/C# library from Microsoft that supports prompt templating, function chaining, vectorized memory, and intelligent planning.
- [Outlines](https://github.com/normal-computing/outlines): A Python library that provides a domain-specific language to simplify prompting and constrain generation.
- [promptingguide.ai](https://www.promptingguide.ai/): A prompt engineering guide that demonstrates many techniques.
- [OpenAI Cookbook: Techniques to improve reliability](https://github.com/openai/openai-cookbook/blob/main/techniques_to_improve_reliability.md): A slightly dated (Sep 2022) review of techniques for prompting language models.
- [Lil'Log Prompt Engineering](https://lilianweng.github.io/posts/2023-03-15-prompt-engineering/): An OpenAI researcher's review of the prompt engineering literature (as of March 2023).
- [learnprompting.org](https://learnprompting.org/): An introductory course to prompt engineering.
### Video courses
- [Andrew Ng's DeepLearning.AI](https://www.deeplearning.ai/short-courses/chatgpt-prompt-engineering-for-developers/): A short course on prompt engineering for developers.
- [Andrej Karpathy's Let's build GPT](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kCc8FmEb1nY): A detailed dive into the machine learning underlying GPT.
- [Prompt Engineering by DAIR.AI](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dOxUroR57xs): A one-hour video on various prompt engineering techniques.
### Papers on advanced prompting to improve reasoning
- [Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Models (2022)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2201.11903): Using few-shot prompts to ask models to think step by step improves their reasoning. PaLM's score on math word problems (GSM8K) rises from 18% to 57%.
- [Self-Consistency Improves Chain of Thought Reasoning in Language Models (2022)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.11171): Taking votes from multiple outputs improves accuracy even more. Voting across 40 outputs raises PaLM's score on math word problems further, from 57% to 74%, and `code-davinci-002`'s from 60% to 78%.
- [Tree of Thoughts: Deliberate Problem Solving with Large Language Models (2023)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.10601): Searching over trees of step by step reasoning helps even more than voting over chains of thought. It lifts `GPT-4`'s scores on creative writing and crosswords.
- [Language Models are Zero-Shot Reasoners (2022)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.11916): Telling instruction-following models to think step by step improves their reasoning. It lifts `text-davinci-002`'s score on math word problems (GSM8K) from 13% to 41%.
- [Large Language Models Are Human-Level Prompt Engineers (2023)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.01910): Automated searching over possible prompts found a prompt that lifts scores on math word problems (GSM8K) to 43%, 2 percentage points above the human-written prompt in Language Models are Zero-Shot Reasoners.
- [Reprompting: Automated Chain-of-Thought Prompt Inference Through Gibbs Sampling (2023)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.09993): Automated searching over possible chain-of-thought prompts improved ChatGPT's scores on a few benchmarks by 0–20 percentage points.
- [Faithful Reasoning Using Large Language Models (2022)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.14271): Reasoning can be improved by a system that combines: chains of thought generated by alternative selection and inference prompts, a halter model that chooses when to halt selection-inference loops, a value function to search over multiple reasoning paths, and sentence labels that help avoid hallucination.
- [STaR: Bootstrapping Reasoning With Reasoning (2022)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.14465): Chain of thought reasoning can be baked into models via fine-tuning. For tasks with an answer key, example chains of thoughts can be generated by language models.
- [ReAct: Synergizing Reasoning and Acting in Language Models (2023)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.03629): For tasks with tools or an environment, chain of thought works better you prescriptively alternate between **Re**asoning steps (thinking about what to do) and **Act**ing (getting information from a tool or environment).
- [Reflexion: an autonomous agent with dynamic memory and self-reflection (2023)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.11366): Retrying tasks with memory of prior failures improves subsequent performance.
- [Demonstrate-Search-Predict: Composing retrieval and language models for knowledge-intensive NLP (2023)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.14024): Models augmented with knowledge via a "retrieve-then-read" can be improved with multi-hop chains of searches.
- [Improving Factuality and Reasoning in Language Models through Multiagent Debate (2023)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.14325): Generating debates between a few ChatGPT agents over a few rounds improves scores on various benchmarks. Math word problem scores rise from 77% to 85%.
If there are examples or guides you'd like to see, feel free to suggest them on the [issues page]. We are also happy to accept high quality pull requests, as long as they fit the scope of the repo.
