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<title>Helter Shelter: NYC's Fallout Shelters Basically Don't Exist Anymore - Gothamist</title>
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<h1 class="article-title">Helter Shelter: NYC's Fallout Shelters Basically Don't Exist Anymore
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by
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<span class="byline-author"><a href="/staff/nathan-tempey" target="_self">Nathan Tempey</a>
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Published March 9, 2017
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Modified March 9, 2017
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src="https://cms.prod.nypr.digital/images/42584/fill-640x426|format-jpeg|jpegquality-80/"
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width="640" height="426"
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alt="The basement at 80 New York Avenue in Crown Heights is one of many once-certified fallout shelters that you probably wouldn't want to spend much time in."
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loading="lazy" class="image" data-v-32dddd2b=""></div>
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</a>
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<p style="display:none;">
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The basement at 80 New York Avenue in Crown Heights is one of many once-certified fallout
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shelters that you probably wouldn't want to spend much time in.
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</p>
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<div class="gothamist-caption">
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The basement at 80 New York Avenue in Crown Heights is one of many once-certified fallout
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shelters that you probably wouldn't want to spend much time in.
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Scott Heins/Gothamist
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<p><span class="mt-enclosure mt-enclosure-image" style="display: inline;"></span></p>
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<p></p>
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<p>You've seen the placards around town, beside the front door on apartment buildings, post
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offices, and schools. 50 years ago, when Nelson A. Rockefeller was governor and fear of imminent
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nuclear annihilation was running high, New York boasted tens of thousands, possibly even
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hundreds of thousands—no one is exactly sure—of nuclear fallout shelters. 2017 is
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not exactly Cold War Pt. II, but now that some Democrats are <a
|
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href="https://theintercept.com/2017/02/28/the-new-yorkers-big-cover-story-reveals-five-uncomfortable-truths-about-u-s-and-russia/"
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target="_blank" rel="noopener">suddenly intent on saber-rattling with Russia</a> and the newly
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elected president is a <a
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href="http://gothamist.com/2011/03/24/donald_trump_comes_out_as_a_birther.php">longtime</a> <a
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href="http://gothamist.com/2017/03/04/trump_claims_with_no_proof_that_bad.php">conspiracy</a>
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<a href="http://gothamist.com/2017/01/25/president_gaslight_promises.php">theorist</a> who as
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commander-in-chief has <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-39073303"
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target="_blank" rel="noopener">repeatedly called</a> for expanding the U.S.'s nuke
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arsenal, you'd be forgiven for having a bit more of a paranoid mindset at the moment.</p>
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<p>So what shape are these shelters in? Exactly how safe would we be in the event of some sort of
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nuclear attack?</p>
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<p><span class="mt-enclosure mt-enclosure-image" style="display: inline;"></span></p>
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<div class="image-right"><img alt="170307AtomicWarNYC1.jpg"
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src="https://gothamist.com/attachments/nyc_ntempey/170307AtomicWarNYC1.jpg" width="360"
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height="507"><br><i style=" width:360px; ;display:block"> Propaganda looked cooler in 1952.
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(<a href=">https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AtomicWar0101.jpg" target="_blank"
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rel="noopener">Public domain</a>)</i></div>
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<p> The "good news," and one of the many reasons the fallout shelter program was
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scrapped, is that New York is the U.S.'s densest and most populous urban center and, as
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such, would be high on the list of targets for a nuclear attack. In other words, if the U.S. was
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attacked by one of the world's nuclear superpowers, rather than having to hide out
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underground for weeks, then trek through the irradiated landscape ducking air strikes and
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keeping up with the doings of the remaining members of the Freedom Caucus operating out of a
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shipping container in Annapolis, we'd probably all be vaporized instantly.</p>
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<p></p>
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<p>But what if somebody dropped a smaller bomb, or New York somehow dodged the bullet? </p>
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<p>First, it's probably good to have some background.</p>
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<p>In the late 1950s and early 1960s, paranoia ran so high that the feds conducted <a
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href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/bomb/filmmore/reference/primary/sharmat.html"
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target="_blank" rel="noopener">compulsory air raid drills</a> around the country, including in
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New York City, having police arrest those who refused to duck inside when the sirens sounded.
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John F. Kennedy created a nationwide shelter program as president in 1961, and in 1963, the
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Cuban missile crisis kicked off the proliferation of shelters in the city in earnest. </p>
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<p>Under the program, inspectors surveyed buildings to see if they could withstand the
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after-effects of a nuclear blast. In the beginning, identifying and certifying shelters was the
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domain of local civil defense authorities. Once certified, the government would provide a
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placard and some goodies to tide over the huddled masses.</p>
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|
<p>By 1963, as the New York Times <a
|
|
|
href="http://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/16/nyregion/urban-tactics-in-duck-and-cover-times-shelters-get-a-fresh-look.html"
|
|
|
target="_blank" rel="noopener">explains</a>:</p>
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
|
<p>[T]he Army Corps of Engineers had identified 17,448 buildings with shelter spaces that could
|
|
|
accommodate a total of 11,703,090 New Yorkers. The spaces were equipped with federally
|
|
|
provided survival kits -- costing roughly $2.40 per person -- that featured aspirin, toilet
|
|
|
paper, tongue depressors, appetite-suppressing hard candies and ''Civil Defense
|
|
|
Survival Rations,'' i.e., animal crackerlike biscuits.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
<p>While most landlords took part in the fallout shelter drive, even they still had to navigate
|
|
|
bureaucracy. By 1966, the city's civil defense director found that most of the shelters
|
|
|
had no supplies. ''Personally, I have grave doubts that shelter-stocking is a
|
|
|
meaningful answer for New York City in the event of nuclear war,'' he said.</p>
|
|
|
<p>Money was a key issue. Early on in the cold war, the federal government had decided not to
|
|
|
build mass bomb shelters in urban areas, opting instead to promote the suburban backyard
|
|
|
shelter.<br></p>
|
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
<p></p>
|
|
|
<p><span class="mt-enclosure mt-enclosure-image" style="display: inline;"></span></p>
|
|
|
<div class="image-none"><img alt="170308NelsonARockefeller.jpg"
|
|
|
src="https://gothamist.com/attachments/nyc_ntempey/170308NelsonARockefeller.jpg" width="640"
|
|
|
height="416"><br><i> As governor of New York, Nelson A. Rockefeller was big on fallout
|
|
|
shelters. (Harry Benson/Getty)</i></div>
|
|
|
<p></p>
|
|
|
<p>Rockefeller was a big proponent of shelters, so much so that he reportedly had shelters built
|
|
|
under the Executive Mansion in Albany, and <a
|
|
|
href="http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/10/13/big-spender-2" target="_blank"
|
|
|
rel="noopener">at his homes</a> in Maine and Westchester County, as well as his three-story
|
|
|
apartment on Fifth Avenue overlooking Central Park (representatives of two of the former
|
|
|
Rockefeller estates in Westchester say they are unaware of such a shelter on the grounds of
|
|
|
either). As governor, Rockefeller was able to shake loose $15 million in state funding for
|
|
|
shelters, but the program was still essentially based on building owners opting in.</p>
|
|
|
<p>The results, according to Jeff Schlegelmilch, deputy director of the National Center for
|
|
|
Disaster Preparedness at the Earth Institute of Columbia University, were mixed.</p>
|
|
|
<p>"An ideal shelter would be a room enclosed in a building, no windows or anything like
|
|
|
that. It would basically keep certain kinds of radiation from penetrating," he said.
|
|
|
"So if you're in a big concrete building, something towards the center. Some of the
|
|
|
more advanced ones would have a ventilation system, some of them would have sleeping areas, and
|
|
|
food and water on shelves."</p>
|
|
|
<p>However, there were no federal standards that Schlegelmilch has been able to find in his
|
|
|
research, and there was not a lot of communication between local defense authorities. </p>
|
|
|
<p>"It's all over the map in terms of how well they were designed," he said.
|
|
|
"I've heard stories of some where they were in the basement with sewage pipes dripping
|
|
|
down and rats running around...The public ones are probably just large enclosed spaces where
|
|
|
they're able to accommodate a large number of people in a very municipal fashion."</p>
|
|
|
<p><span class="mt-enclosure mt-enclosure-image" style="display: inline;"></span></p>
|
|
|
<div class="image-none"><img alt="170308CooperStationFalloutShelter.jpg"
|
|
|
src="https://gothamist.com/attachments/nyc_ntempey/170308CooperStationFalloutShelter.jpg"
|
|
|
width="640" height="345"><br><i> The Cooper Station post office's fallout shelter is now
|
|
|
a mail room. (<a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/robbing_peter/" target="_blank"
|
|
|
rel="noopener">Robbing Peter</a>/Flickr)</i></div>
|
|
|
<p></p>
|
|
|
<p>Shelters that could accommodate thousands included <a
|
|
|
href="http://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/16/nyregion/urban-tactics-in-duck-and-cover-times-shelters-get-a-fresh-look.html"
|
|
|
target="_blank" rel="noopener">ones</a> under the Cooper Station post office, on the 43rd
|
|
|
floor of the Waldorf Astoria (!), under the Lindsay Park cooperative complex in Williamsburg,
|
|
|
and under the Chase Manhattan headquarters at 28 Liberty Street. We tried getting access to
|
|
|
these neat-sounding spaces, without luck, but a Postal Service spokesman informs us that the
|
|
|
basement space at Cooper Station has been turned over to mail operations. Rockefeller's
|
|
|
Manhattan apartment has been carved up, and we couldn't reach the owners, nor could we get
|
|
|
the Chinese investors who own the Waldorf or the Liberty Street building. As a general rule,
|
|
|
Schlegelmilch pointed out, Manhattan floorspace doesn't stay vacant for long.</p>
|
|
|
<p>In <a
|
|
|
href="http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/21/nyregion/inside-the-brooklyn-bridge-a-whiff-of-the-cold-war.html"
|
|
|
target="_blank" rel="noopener">2006</a>, workers fixing the Brooklyn Bridge stumbled into a
|
|
|
vault stocked with boxes of high-calorie crackers and water barrels that could be reused as
|
|
|
toilets. The Department of Transportation wouldn't let us take a peek at that space,
|
|
|
either. The DOT says it has donated the goods to a civil defense museum (spokespeople
|
|
|
wouldn't specify which one).</p>
|
|
|
<p>We did get access to the fallout-shelter-designated basement at <a
|
|
|
href="http://www.gothamist.com/tags/80newyorkavenue" target="_blank" rel="noopener">80 New
|
|
|
York Avenue</a> in Crown Heights, where tenants are in a pitched but unrelated battle with
|
|
|
their landlords, and what we found did not exactly inspire confidence.</p>
|
|
|
<p>"I don't think we would last very long," said resident Nathan Pensler, looking
|
|
|
around the half-finished space. "I could see a lot of downsides."</p>
|
|
|
<p>For one, the basement is actually a sub-basement, with windows coming around three feet down
|
|
|
from the ceiling. If there was an enclosed concrete room down there once, it's not there
|
|
|
now. Now storage for bicycles, construction materials, and some non-working washing machines,
|
|
|
the basement also takes on water when it rains, possibly through an air-shaft that inexplicably
|
|
|
has wires strung up through it. The cellar has served as shelter for at least one person,
|
|
|
though: Pensler said that until recently, a door to the basement didn't lock and a homeless
|
|
|
man took up residence down there. He seems to have left behind a cellphone and two suitcases.
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
<p><span class="mt-enclosure mt-enclosure-image" style="display: inline;"></span></p>
|
|
|
<div class="image-none"><img alt="030717FalloutShelter80NY-21.jpg"
|
|
|
src="https://gothamist.com/attachments/nyc_ntempey/030717FalloutShelter80NY-21.jpg"
|
|
|
width="640" height="427"><br><i> The basement at 80 New York. (Scott Heins/Gothamist)</i>
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
<p></p>
|
|
|
<p>Before my visit, Pensler hadn't given the role of the space in a nuclear holocaust much
|
|
|
thought. </p>
|
|
|
<p>"I remember seeing the [fallout shelter] sign and thinking, 'That looks like the kind
|
|
|
of sign that somebody would steal and put in their bedroom,'" he said.
|
|
|
"That's literally the only thing I've thought about it."</p>
|
|
|
<p>Most city fallout shelters seem to have shared the same fate—even if they were once
|
|
|
fully stocked with All-Purpose Survival Crackers and barrel commodes, they've long since
|
|
|
been returned to use as laundry rooms, storage areas, and illegal basement apartments. Even in
|
|
|
1976, the shelters were largely forgotten. A Times reporter surveying them that year <a
|
|
|
href="http://www.nytimes.com/1976/11/21/archives/out-of-the-past-fallout-shelters-out-of-the-past-fallout-shelters.html"
|
|
|
target="_blank" rel="noopener">described them</a> in bemused,
|
|
|
hey-didja-know-about-this-old-thing terms:</p>
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
|
<p>Of course, the shelter areas could, if worse came to worse, still be used. But the Government
|
|
|
makes no effort to keep them supplied with food or other necessities. And officials no longer
|
|
|
keep an up‐to‐date list. If, for example, a building is torn down, the
|
|
|
Government has no record to indicate the loss of a designated shelter.</p>
|
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
<p>In the years leading up to that story, the city, defense authorities, and federal government,
|
|
|
lacking money to restock the shelters, had faced bureaucratic hurdles in trying to <a
|
|
|
href="http://www.nytimes.com/1975/01/25/archives/food-in-fallout-shelters-urged-for-poor.html"
|
|
|
target="_blank" rel="noopener">sell off or donate</a> the food—a lot had already gone
|
|
|
bad—medical supplies, and toilet paper, which were technically government property and
|
|
|
subject to stringent rules. In <a
|
|
|
href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F04EED8133BE63BBC4052DFB767838F669EDE&legacy=true"
|
|
|
target="_blank" rel="noopener">1975</a>, the city sent workers into 13,000 shelters to take
|
|
|
the phenobarbital (downers) out of first aid kits, because junkies and good-time seekers had
|
|
|
been breaking in and stealing the drugs. The feds did eventually consolidate control over the
|
|
|
civil defense authorities into a central agency, but by 1969, Congress stopped appropriating
|
|
|
money for the program, and in 1979, that agency was formally disbanded. Nobody much noticed.
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
<p>In addition to questions about the wisdom of pouring millions of dollars into urban
|
|
|
infrastructure that was likely to be annihilated, as fallout shelters fell out of favor, experts
|
|
|
began to question the psychological repercussions of large groups of people living in a small
|
|
|
space for an extended period of time.</p>
|
|
|
<p>"Even if you are lucky enough that you were able to get to a fallout shelter and it was in
|
|
|
the zone where it was protected but not in the fireball of the explosion itself, you then had to
|
|
|
live in very confined spaces for what could be a couple of weeks," Schlegelmilch said.</p>
|
|
|
<p><span class="mt-enclosure mt-enclosure-image" style="display: inline;"></span></p>
|
|
|
<div class="image-none"><img alt="170307HBombCircumferenceADayCalledX1.jpg"
|
|
|
src="https://gothamist.com/attachments/nyc_ntempey/170307HBombCircumferenceADayCalledX1.jpg"
|
|
|
width="640" height="463"><br><i> A still from the 1957 TV movie <em>A Day Called X</em>, about
|
|
|
a nuclear attack on Portland, Oregon. (<a
|
|
|
href="http://boingboing.net/2015/02/03/a-day-called-x-nuclear-doomsd.html" target="_blank"
|
|
|
rel="noopener">Boing Boing</a>)</i></div>
|
|
|
<p></p>
|
|
|
<p>Nowadays, federal disaster officials advise survivors near nuclear bomb blasts to shelter in
|
|
|
place to avoid fallout—the further down and towards the center of the building the
|
|
|
better—and evacuate at a time to be announced by officials based on the post-nuke
|
|
|
conditions. The <a href="https://www.fema.gov/pdf/plan/prevent/rms/453/fema453.pdf"
|
|
|
target="_blank" rel="noopener">official</a> <a
|
|
|
href="http://web.archive.org/web/20150307120929/http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/html/em/improvised_nuclear_device.shtml"
|
|
|
target="_blank" rel="noopener">guidelines</a> on this stuff make for hair-raising reading. For
|
|
|
<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20120312045406/http://hps.org/hsc/documents/Planning_Guidance_for_Response_to_a_Nuclear_Detonation-2nd_Edition_FINAL.pdf"
|
|
|
target="_blank" rel="noopener">example</a>:</p>
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
|
<p>Outside of the most hazardous areas of the [Dangerous Fallout] zone, early evacuation (t <
|
|
|
24 hours) should be discouraged by response officials. However, guidance can be provided to
|
|
|
those who choose to evacuate in spite of these warnings. Information concerning route
|
|
|
conditions (e.g., rubble and debris in streets, collapsed bridges, and other obstacles to
|
|
|
mobility) will assist those who decide to evacuate, and perhaps dissuade those who might
|
|
|
choose a risky departure from shelter. When planned evacuations are initiated, these should be
|
|
|
staged. Attempting to evacuate an excessively large area could divert resources from the
|
|
|
higher dose rate regions closer to the detonation that deserve the greatest attention. A
|
|
|
poorly planned evacuation could result in excessive radiation dose and even unnecessary
|
|
|
fatalities due to radiation or other unforeseen hazards.</p>
|
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
<p>Schlegelmilch said that the information the disaster preparedness information the feds have
|
|
|
compiled and made publicly available is solid, but <a
|
|
|
href="http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/16/science/16terror.html" target="_blank"
|
|
|
rel="noopener">public awareness</a> is sorely lacking. </p>
|
|
|
<p>"The availability of information isn’t the issue, it’s having a conversation
|
|
|
about it," he said, adding, "How would you as a City Council member or as a mayor say,
|
|
|
'Hey, let's talk about what our city would do in the event of a nuclear
|
|
|
attack'?...These are extremely rare, extremely unlikely, but extremely high-consequence
|
|
|
events...And then layering in all the added politics with nuclear proliferation and terrorism
|
|
|
and election cycles just makes it that much harder to have that conversation."</p>
|
|
|
<p>For what it's worth, Schlegelmilch says there are roughly three tiers of nuclear attacks:
|
|
|
those carried out with the largest nuclear weapons, possessed only by state actors, which
|
|
|
"would basically wipe out the whole city"; nuclear bombs that are 10 kilotons or
|
|
|
smaller, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suitcase_nuclear_device"
|
|
|
target="_blank" rel="noopener">suitcase bombs</a>, which could outright destroy several blocks
|
|
|
to several square miles of the city; and so-called dirty bombs, which would do a relatively
|
|
|
small amount of damage but throw off some radiation. Also, the <a
|
|
|
href="http://gothamist.com/tags/indianpoint">Indian Point</a> nuclear power plant is 20 miles
|
|
|
north of the Bronx and notoriously creaky. It is on track to be closed down by 2021.</p>
|
|
|
<p>The immediate reaction to officials broaching the subject of nuclear preparedness,
|
|
|
Schlegelmilch said, is, "What do you know that I don't know?" Well, now at least
|
|
|
you know what's going on with those placards on buildings. </p>
|
|
|
</div>
|
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</div>
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href="/news/crews-still-working-on-massive-newark-area-water-main-break-wednesday-service-back-for-some"
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class="card-title-link"><span>Crews still working on massive Newark-area water main break
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Wednesday, service back for some</span> </a></div>
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href="/news/early-addition-its-splooting-season" class="card-title-link"><span>Early
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alt="The plague of spotted lanternflies has descended on NY and NJ — but it may not be as bad as we thought"
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class="card-title-link"><span>The plague of spotted lanternflies has descended on NY and NJ
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— but it may not be as bad as we thought</span> </a></div>
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class="card-title-link"><span>NYS environmental commish on what Supreme Court ruling means
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for reducing local carbon emissions</span> </a></div>
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"It puts more of a burden on New York — puts more of a burden on 49 other
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<span class="byline-author">Nsikan Akpan , </span><span
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class="byline-author">Sean Carlson </span>
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