Merge branch 'develop' into typos-fix

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Andreas M. Antonopoulos 3 years ago committed by GitHub
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@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ The main challenge is to do this in a way that prevents Bob and Chan from steali
==== A physical example of "routing"
To understand how the Lightning Network protects the payment while being routed, we can compare to an example of routing physical payments with gold coins in the real world.
To understand how the Lightning Network protects the payment while being routed, we can compare it to an example of routing physical payments with gold coins in the real world.
Assume Alice wants to give 10 gold coins to Dina, but does not have direct access to Dina. However, Alice knows Bob, who knows Chan, who knows Dina and so she decides to ask Bob and Chan for help. This is shown in <<alice_dina_routing_1>>.
@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ He has to pay Chan but ultimately gets nothing out of the exchange, and he runs
Even putting aside the risk, Bob and Chan must _already_ have 10 gold coins to send, otherwise they wouldn't be able to participate in the contract.
Thus Bob and Chan face both risk and opportunity cost for agreeing to this contract, and they would need to be compensated in order for them to accept it.
Thus Bob and Chan face both risk and opportunity cost for agreeing to this contract, and they would need to be compensated to accept it.
Alice can this make this attractive to both Bob and Chan, by offering them fees of 1 gold coin each, if they transmit her payment to Dina.
@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ The contract would then read:
[[alice_bob_contract_3]]
====
_I Alice will reimburse you Bob with 12 gold coins if you can prove to me (for example via a receipt) that you have delivered 11 golden coins to Chan_
_I Alice will reimburse you Bob with 12 gold coins if you can prove to me (for example via a receipt) that you have delivered 11 gold coins to Chan_
====
Alice now promises Bob 12 gold coins. There are 10 to be delivered to Dina and 2 for the fees. She promises 12 to Bob if he can prove that he has forwarded 11 to Chan.
@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ The difference of 1 gold coin is the fee that Bob will earn for helping out with
image::images/gold-coins-network2.png[]
As there is still the issue of trust and the risk that either Alice or Bob won't honor the contract, all parties decide to use an escrow service.
At the start of the exchange, Alice could "lock up" these 12 golden coins in escrow that will only be paid to Bob once he proves that he's paid 11 golden coins to Chan.
At the start of the exchange, Alice could "lock up" these 12 gold coins in escrow that will only be paid to Bob once he proves that he's paid 11 gold coins to Chan.
This escrow service is an idealized one, which does not introduce other risks (e.g. counterparty risk). Later we will see how we can replace the escrow with a Bitcoin smart contract. Let's assume for now that everyone trusts this escrow service.
@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ Alice doesn't know the secret but she can rewrite her contract to use the hash o
====
_I Alice will reimburse you Bob with 12 gold coins if you can show me a valid message that hashes to:`+057596...+`.
You can acquire this message by setting up a similar contract with Chan who has to set up a similar contract with Dina.
In order to assure you that you will be reimbursed I will provide the 12 gold coins to an trusted escrow before you set up your next contract._
In order to assure you that you will be reimbursed I will provide the 12 gold coins to a trusted escrow before you set up your next contract._
====
This new contract now protects Alice from Bob not forwarding to Chan, protects Bob from not being reimbursed by Alice, and ensures that there will be proof that Dina was ultimately paid via the hash of Dina's secret.
@ -188,19 +188,19 @@ Once Chan gets the message from the escrow that Bob has deposited the 11 gold co
[[alice_bob_contract_6]]
====
_I Chan will reimburse you Dina with 10 golden coins if you can show me a valid message that hashes to:`+057596...+`.
_I Chan will reimburse you Dina with 10 gold coins if you can show me a valid message that hashes to:`+057596...+`.
In order to assure you that you will be reimbursed after revealing the secret I will provide the 10 gold coins to an trusted escrow._
====
Everything is now in place.
Alice has a contract with Bob and has placed 12 gold coins in escrow.
Bob has a contract with Chan and has placed 11 gold coins in escrow
Bob has a contract with Chan and has placed 11 gold coins in escrow.
Chan has a contract with Dina and has placed 10 gold coins in escrow.
It is now up to Dina to reveal the secret, which is the pre-image to the hash she has established as proof of payment.
Dina now sends +"Dinas secret"+ to Chan.
Chan checks that +"Dinas secret" hashes to +057596...+. Chan now has proof of payment and so instructs the escrow service to release the 10 golden coins to Dina.
Chan checks that +"Dinas secret" hashes to +057596...+. Chan now has proof of payment and so instructs the escrow service to release the 10 gold coins to Dina.
Chan now provides the secret to Bob. Bob checks it and instructs the escrow service to release the 11 gold coins to Chan.
@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ If Bob does not provide the secret by this time, Alice's deposit will be refunde
====
Bob, of course, now has to make sure he receives the proof of payment within 24 hours.
Even if he successfully pays Chan, if he receives the proof of payment later than 24 hours he will not be reimbursed. To remove that risk, Bob must give Chan and even shorter deadline.
Even if he successfully pays Chan, if he receives the proof of payment later than 24 hours he will not be reimbursed. To remove that risk, Bob must give Chan an even shorter deadline.
In turn, Bob will alter his contract with Chan in the following way:
@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ As you might have guessed, Chan will also alter his contract with Dina:
[[alice_bob_contract_9]]
====
_Dina has 20 hours to show the secret after the contract was signed.
If he does not provide the secret by this time, Bob's deposit will be refunded by the escrow service and the contract becomes invalid._
If she does not provide the secret by this time, Chan's deposit will be refunded by the escrow service and the contract becomes invalid._
====
With such a chain of contracts we can ensure that, after 24 hours, the payment will successfully go from Alice to Bob to Chan to Dina, or it will fail and everyone will be refunded.
@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ As long as the escrow is trustworthy and faithfully performs its duty, then no p
The pre-condition to this _route_ working at all, is that all parties in the path have enough money to satisfy the required series of deposits.
While this seems like a minor detail we will see in later this chapter that this requirement is actually one of the more difficult issues for Lightning Network nodes.
While this seems like a minor detail we will see later in this chapter that this requirement is actually one of the more difficult issues for Lightning Network nodes.
It becomes progressively more difficult as the size of the payment increases.
Furthermore, the parties cannot use their money while it is locked in escrow.

@ -203,6 +203,7 @@ Following is an alphabetically sorted list of all the GitHub contributors, inclu
* Simone Bovi (@SimoneBovi)
* Taylor Masterson (@tjmasterson)
* Umar Bolatov (@bolatovumar)
* Dapeng Li (@luislee818)
Without the help offered by everyone listed above, this book would not have been possible. Your contributions demonstrate the power of open source and open culture, and we are eternally grateful for your help.

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