Payment channels are the core and most fundamental building block for the Lightning Network.
Of course every detail of a technology is there and exists for a reason but the Lightning Network is literally built around the idea and concept of payment channels.
In the previous chapters you have learnt already quite a bit about payment channels, what properties they have, and on a high level how they work and how they can be constructed.
In this chapter we will dig deeper into the protocol details that are needed to open and close payment channels.
This will repeat some information from the basic chapters in the first part of this book.
If you are new to the topic we highly encourage you to start there first.
If you however already know a fair share about bitcoin script, OP_CODES and protocol design it might be sufficient to skip the previous chapter and start here with us.
This books follows the construction of payment channels as described in BOLT 02 which is titled `peer protocol` and describes how two peers communicate to open, maintain and close a channel.
In this section we will only talk about maintaining and closing a channel.
The operation of a channel which means either making or forwarding a payment is discussed in our chapter about routing.
Also other constructions of payment channels are known and being discussed by the developers but as of writing only the channels as described in BOLT 2 are supported by the protocol and the implementations.
To repeat what you should already know a payment channel is encoded as an unspent 2 out of 2 multisignature transaction output.
The capacity of the channel relates to the amount that is bound to the unspent 2 out of 2 multisignature transaction output.
It is opened wht the help of a funding transaction that sends bitcoin to a 2 out of 2 multisignature output together with a communication protocol that helps to initialize its state.
The balance of the channel encodes how the capacity is split between the two peers who maintain the channel.
Technically it is encoded by a the most recent pair of a sequence of pairs of similar (but not equal) presigned commitment transactions.
Each channel partner has both signatures for on of the commitment transactions from the sequence of pairs.
The split of the capacity is realized by a `to_local` and a `to_remote` output that is part of every commitment transaction
The `to_local` output goes to an address that is controlled by the peer that holds this fully signed commitment transaction.
`to_local` outputs, which also exist in the second stage HTLC transactions, have two spending conditions.
The `to_local` output can be spent either at any time with the help of a revocation secrete or after a timelock with the secret key that is controlled by the peer holding this commitment transaction.
The revocation secrete is necessary to economically disincentivice peers to publish previous commitment transactions.
Addresses and revokation secretes change with every new pair of commitment transactions that are being negotiated.
The Lightning Network as a protocol defines the communication protocols that are necessary to achieve this.
### Opening a payment channel
Currently payment channels can only be opened by one side.
This does not mean that only one peer is needed to open a channel.
It means that only one peer - namingly the one who opens the channel - provides the funds and capacity for the channel.
Let us assume for the remainder of the section that Alice wants to open a channel with Bob.
Opening a payment channel is not as easy as sending bitcoins to a 2 out of 2 multisignature output.
In a fully functional payment channel the bitcoins are being sent to a 2 out of 2 multisignature address to which each owner controlls a key.
Thus Alice needs to know the public key of Bob which will be part of the 2 out of 2 multisignature address.
She will do that by sending Bob and `open_channel` message signaling her interest to open a channel.
