Executable and Linkable Format
================================================================================

ELF (Executable and Linkable Format) is a standard file format for executable files, object code, shared libraries and core dumps. Linux and many UNIX-like operating systems use this format. Let's look at the structure of the ELF-64 Object File Format and some definitions in the linux kernel source code which related with it.

An ELF object file consists of the following parts:

* ELF header - describes the main characteristics of the object file: type, CPU architecture, the virtual address of the entry point, the size and offset of the remaining parts, etc...;
* Program header table - lists the available segments and their attributes. Program header table need loaders for placing sections of the file as virtual memory segments;
* Section header table - contains the description of the sections.

Now let's have a closer look on these components.

**ELF header**

The ELF header is located at the beginning of the object file. Its main purpose is to locate all other parts of the object file. The file header contains the following fields:

* ELF identification - array of bytes which helps identify the file as an ELF object file and also provides information about general object file characteristic;
* Object file type - identifies the object file type. This field can describe that ELF file is a relocatable object file, an executable file, etc...;
* Target architecture;
* Version of the object file format;
* Virtual address of the program entry point;
* File offset of the program header table;
* File offset of the section header table;
* Size of an ELF header;
* Size of a program header table entry;
* and other fields...

You can find the `elf64_hdr` structure which presents ELF64 header in the linux kernel source code:

```C
typedef struct elf64_hdr {
	unsigned char	e_ident[EI_NIDENT];
	Elf64_Half e_type;
	Elf64_Half e_machine;
	Elf64_Word e_version;
	Elf64_Addr e_entry;
	Elf64_Off e_phoff;
	Elf64_Off e_shoff;
	Elf64_Word e_flags;
	Elf64_Half e_ehsize;
	Elf64_Half e_phentsize;
	Elf64_Half e_phnum;
	Elf64_Half e_shentsize;
	Elf64_Half e_shnum;
	Elf64_Half e_shstrndx;
} Elf64_Ehdr;
```

This structure defined in the [elf.h](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/include/uapi/linux/elf.h#L220)

**Sections**

All data stores in a sections in an Elf object file. Sections identified by index in the section header table. Section header contains following fields:

* Section name;
* Section type;
* Section attributes;
* Virtual address in memory;
* Offset in file;
* Size of section;
* Link to other section;
* Miscellaneous information;
* Address alignment boundary;
* Size of entries, if section has table;

And presented with the following `elf64_shdr` structure in the linux kernel:

```C
typedef struct elf64_shdr {
	Elf64_Word sh_name;
	Elf64_Word sh_type;
	Elf64_Xword sh_flags;
	Elf64_Addr sh_addr;
	Elf64_Off sh_offset;
	Elf64_Xword sh_size;
	Elf64_Word sh_link;
	Elf64_Word sh_info;
	Elf64_Xword sh_addralign;
	Elf64_Xword sh_entsize;
} Elf64_Shdr;
```

[elf.h](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/include/uapi/linux/elf.h#L312)

**Program header table**

All sections are grouped into segments in an executable or shared object file. Program header is an array of structures which describe every segment. It looks like:

```C
typedef struct elf64_phdr {
	Elf64_Word p_type;
	Elf64_Word p_flags;
	Elf64_Off p_offset;
	Elf64_Addr p_vaddr;
	Elf64_Addr p_paddr;
	Elf64_Xword p_filesz;
	Elf64_Xword p_memsz;
	Elf64_Xword p_align;
} Elf64_Phdr;
```

in the linux kernel source code.

`elf64_phdr` defined in the same [elf.h](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/include/uapi/linux/elf.h#L254).

The ELF object file also contains other fields/structures which you can find in the [Documentation](http://www.uclibc.org/docs/elf-64-gen.pdf). Now let's a look at the `vmlinux` ELF object.

vmlinux
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

`vmlinux` is also a relocatable ELF object file . We can take a look at it with the `readelf` utility. First of all let's look at the header:

```
$ readelf -h  vmlinux
ELF Header:
  Magic:   7f 45 4c 46 02 01 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
  Class:                             ELF64
  Data:                              2's complement, little endian
  Version:                           1 (current)
  OS/ABI:                            UNIX - System V
  ABI Version:                       0
  Type:                              EXEC (Executable file)
  Machine:                           Advanced Micro Devices X86-64
  Version:                           0x1
  Entry point address:               0x1000000
  Start of program headers:          64 (bytes into file)
  Start of section headers:          381608416 (bytes into file)
  Flags:                             0x0
  Size of this header:               64 (bytes)
  Size of program headers:           56 (bytes)
  Number of program headers:         5
  Size of section headers:           64 (bytes)
  Number of section headers:         73
  Section header string table index: 70
```

Here we can see that `vmlinux` is a 64-bit executable file.

We can read from the [Documentation/x86/x86_64/mm.txt](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/Documentation/x86/x86_64/mm.txt#L21):

```
ffffffff80000000 - ffffffffa0000000 (=512 MB)  kernel text mapping, from phys 0
```

We can then look this address up in the `vmlinux` ELF object with:

```
$ readelf -s vmlinux | grep ffffffff81000000
     1: ffffffff81000000     0 SECTION LOCAL  DEFAULT    1
 65099: ffffffff81000000     0 NOTYPE  GLOBAL DEFAULT    1 _text
 90766: ffffffff81000000     0 NOTYPE  GLOBAL DEFAULT    1 startup_64
```

Note that the address of the `startup_64` routine is not `ffffffff80000000`, but `ffffffff81000000` and now I'll explain why.

We can see following definition in the [arch/x86/kernel/vmlinux.lds.S](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/arch/x86/kernel/vmlinux.lds.S):

```
    . = __START_KERNEL;
	...
	...
	..
	/* Text and read-only data */
	.text :  AT(ADDR(.text) - LOAD_OFFSET) {
		_text = .;
		...
		...
		...
	}
```

Where `__START_KERNEL` is:

```
#define __START_KERNEL		(__START_KERNEL_map + __PHYSICAL_START)
```

`__START_KERNEL_map` is the value from the documentation - `ffffffff80000000` and `__PHYSICAL_START` is `0x1000000`. That's why address of the `startup_64` is `ffffffff81000000`.

And at last we can get program headers from `vmlinux` with the following command:

```
readelf -l vmlinux

Elf file type is EXEC (Executable file)
Entry point 0x1000000
There are 5 program headers, starting at offset 64

Program Headers:
  Type           Offset             VirtAddr           PhysAddr
                 FileSiz            MemSiz              Flags  Align
  LOAD           0x0000000000200000 0xffffffff81000000 0x0000000001000000
                 0x0000000000cfd000 0x0000000000cfd000  R E    200000
  LOAD           0x0000000001000000 0xffffffff81e00000 0x0000000001e00000
                 0x0000000000100000 0x0000000000100000  RW     200000
  LOAD           0x0000000001200000 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000001f00000
                 0x0000000000014d98 0x0000000000014d98  RW     200000
  LOAD           0x0000000001315000 0xffffffff81f15000 0x0000000001f15000
                 0x000000000011d000 0x0000000000279000  RWE    200000
  NOTE           0x0000000000b17284 0xffffffff81917284 0x0000000001917284
                 0x0000000000000024 0x0000000000000024         4

 Section to Segment mapping:
  Segment Sections...
   00     .text .notes __ex_table .rodata __bug_table .pci_fixup .builtin_fw
          .tracedata __ksymtab __ksymtab_gpl __kcrctab __kcrctab_gpl
		  __ksymtab_strings __param __modver
   01     .data .vvar
   02     .data..percpu
   03     .init.text .init.data .x86_cpu_dev.init .altinstructions
          .altinstr_replacement .iommu_table .apicdrivers .exit.text
		  .smp_locks .data_nosave .bss .brk
```

Here we can see five segments with sections list. You can find all of these sections in the generated linker script at - `arch/x86/kernel/vmlinux.lds`.

That's all. Of course it's not a full description of ELF (Executable and Linkable Format), but if you want to know more, you can find the documentation - [here](http://www.uclibc.org/docs/elf-64-gen.pdf)
