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# 前言
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这是我推荐的学习Haskell之路。
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#### 请切记：*别在不懂的地方打转，先继续读下去！*
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## 社群
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IRC频道是Freenode上的`#haskell-beginners`。
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IRC web版用户端可[在这里取得](http://webchat.freenode.net/)。
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Haskell[邮件群组](https://wiki.haskell.org/Mailing_lists)。
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### 社群参与原则
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请参考Chris Done所撰：[Teaching](http://chrisdone.com/posts/teaching)。
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请友善待人，尖酸苛薄只会把人吓跑、令人不愿再参与而已。
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低劣的批评只让你自己痛快，对听者毫无帮助。
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别说『这很简单』、『这没什么』。这会让人觉得要花这么多功夫来弄懂是因为自不如人，学得慢的人通常是学得最全面的人，这值得称赞！
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当别人承认他不知道的时候，不要故作惊讶。这会让他难过，而你除了表现得好像很行，什么也没得到。
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不要说『其实...这样才对...』(well, actually...)。当有人说了什么『几乎正确』的话，而你说些『其实...这样才对』来做些枝微末节的修正，这很恼人，尤其这常常跟整个讨论根本八竿子打不着。我并不是在说人们不在乎精确，只是像这样的发言通常是作秀成分居多，而非为了追寻真实。
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---
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以上部分内容来自[the Recurse Center手册](https://www.recurse.com/manual)。感谢他们愿意公开分享！
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# 什么是Haskell、GHC和Cabal？
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Haskell的规格可在下面这篇报告找到，此报告最新版本为2010版：
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[onlinereport](http://www.haskell.org/onlinereport/haskell2010/)
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## GHC
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[GHC](http://www.haskell.org/ghc/)是Haskell语言的主流工具选择。它包含编译器、直译器、套件管理，与其他辅助工具。
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## Cabal
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[Cabal](https://www.haskell.org/cabal/download.html)可用来做专案管理与套件相依性解析。
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这会是你用来安装专案、套件的主要工具，其常见的做法是安装到专属的沙箱(cabal sandbox)中。
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Cabal相当于Ruby Bundler、Python pip、Node NPM、Maven等等。你可以用GHC来打包套件，Cabal则可用来选择你想要的版本安装。
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# 环境设定
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## Ubuntu
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[这个PPA](http://launchpad.net/~hvr/+archive/ghc)很棒，我在我所有的Linux环境与建置用机器上都靠它。
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详细设定步骤如下：
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```bash
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$ sudo apt-get update
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$ sudo apt-get install python-software-properties # v12.04 and below
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$ sudo apt-get install software-properties-common # v12.10 and above
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$ sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:hvr/ghc
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$ sudo apt-get update
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$ sudo apt-get install cabal-install-1.20 ghc-7.8.4 happy-1.19.4 alex-3.1.3
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```
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接着，把以下路径加入你的`$PATH`环境变数中(bash\_profile, zshrc, bashrc, etc)：
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```
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~/.cabal/bin:/opt/cabal/1.20/bin:/opt/ghc/7.8.4/bin:/opt/happy/1.19.4/bin:/opt/alex/3.1.3/bin
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```
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*注:* 你不妨把`.cabal-sandbox/bin`加到你的路径中。如此一来，只要你使用沙箱(cabal sandbox)开发，并且
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留在专案的工作路径中，你就可以在命令列中轻易取用你正在开发的二进位档。
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## Debian
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### 使用Ubuntu PPA
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如果不打算使用官方提供的稳定版本，你可以用上面提过和Ubuntu一样的流程，但会需要在下面这个命令后：
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`sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:hvr/ghc` 加上：
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```bash
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$ sudo sed -is/jessie/trusty/g /etc/apt/sources.list.d/hvr-ghc-jessie.list
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```
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其他的Debian版本，只需将`jessie`都换成你的版本名即可。
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如果`/etc/apt/sources.list.d/hvr-ghc-jessie.list`不存在，那么`/etc/apt/sources.list`应该会有：
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deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/hvr/ghc/ubuntu jessie main
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把上列`jessie`换成`trusty`即可。
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### 自行编译
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请参照这篇为Mac OSX所撰的指南：
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请注意：
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- 根据你个人的工作环境，设定ghc时指定目录前缀(prefix)
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- 不要直接下载`cabal-install`的二进位档，请下载源码并执行其`bootstrap.sh`脚本。
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## Fedora 21
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从非官方套件库安装Haskell 7.8.4 (Fedora 22以上已经有官方版本)：
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```bash
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$ sudo yum-config-manager --add-repo \
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> https://copr.fedoraproject.org/coprs/petersen/ghc-7.8.4/repo/fedora-21/petersen-ghc-7.8.4-fedora-21.repo
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$ sudo yum install ghc cabal-install
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```
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根据[petersen/ghc-7.8.4 copr page](https://copr.fedoraproject.org/coprs/petersen/ghc-7.8.4/)，此版本的ghc
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无法与Fedora/EPEL ghc并存。
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## Arch Linux
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从官方套件库安装：
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```bash
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$ sudo pacman -S cabal-install ghc happy alex haddock
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```
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## Gentoo
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你可以透过Portage来分别安装Haskell Platform的各个组件。如果你使用`ACCEPT_KEYWORDS=arch`，而非`ACCEPT_KETWORDS=~arch`，
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Portage会弄个老旧的Haskell给你。因此，举凡用了`ACCEPT_KEYWORDS=arch`，请把下面这几行加进去：
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dev-haskell/cabal-install
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dev-lang/ghc
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接着请执行：
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```bash
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$ emerge -jav dev-lang/ghc dev-haskell/cabal-install
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```
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Gentoo会留一个『稳定』(换言之：老旧）的`cabal-install`在Portage的套件树中，你可以利用这个`cabal-install`来安装
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新版的`cabal-install`。请注意，以下反斜线是必须的：
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```bash
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$ \cabal update # The backslashes
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$ \cabal install cabal-install # are intentional
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```
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如此一来，你便透过Protage在系统中安装了cabal，又在你的个人环境中安装了最新的`cabal-install`。
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下一步是确定每次你在终端机执行`cabal`时，你的shell都是执行你个人环境中的最新版本：
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```bash
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PATH=$PATH:$HOME/.cabal/bin
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alias cabal="$HOME/.cabal/bin/cabal"
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```
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不知道你的shell是哪一个？那你很可能用的是Bash。如果你用的是Bash，你需要编辑`~/.bashrc`。
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如果是Z-shell，则是`~/.zshrc`，可用以下面命令来查询：
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```bash
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echo $SHELL | xargs basename
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```
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例如我用的是zsh，所以上列命令会输出`zsh`。
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当以上都完成，请再另外安装两个工具：`alex`和`happy`：
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```bash
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$ cabal install alex happy
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```
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恭喜！你有了一个正常运作的Haskell！
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## Mac OS X
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### 10.9
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请安装[GHC for Mac OS X](http://ghcformacosx.github.io/)，它包含了GHC与Cabal。安装完成后，
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它会指示你如何将GHC与Cabal加入你的系统路径。
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### 10.6-10.8
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请下载这个[tarball](https://www.haskell.org/platform/download/2014.2.0.0/ghc-7.8.3-x86_64-apple-darwin-r3.tar.bz2)，
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并安装其包含的二进位版。
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## Windows
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- [windows minimal GHC installer](http://neilmitchell.blogspot.com/2014/12/beta-testing-windows-minimal-ghc.html)
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它可以用来编译`network`等套件，虽然严格说它还在beta，但应该足够让任何读这篇导览的人使用。
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别忘了，要用系统管理者的身份来安装，因为它需要新增到Program Files的权限。
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## 其他Linux使用者
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下载cabal与ghc的最新版二进位档。
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- [GHC](http://www.haskell.org/ghc/).
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- [Cabal](https://www.haskell.org/cabal/download.html).
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# 主要学习课程
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## Yorgey's cis194课程
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> *请先透过这门课学习*，这是我最推荐入门Haskell的课。
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此课程的教材可于[线上取得](http://www.seas.upenn.edu/~cis194/spring13/lectures.html)。
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[Brent Yorgey](https://byorgey.wordpress.com)的课是我目前所知最好的。它之所以好，因为
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它不只教你些基础知识，还教你parser combinators。
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如果你不是个程式设计师，或缺乏经验，那么这门课可能没这么适合。建议你从
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[Thompson的这本书](http://www.haskellcraft.com/craft3e/Home.html)开始，然后再转到cis194。
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---
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## NICTA课程
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> 在你完成上述Yorgey的cis194后，我推荐继续挑战此课程。
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这门课发布在[github上](https://github.com/NICTA/course)。
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透过实作cis194中所介绍过的种种抽象表述，你会有更深入的了解。这样的练习对于
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熟悉Haskell中每天都会面对的Functor/Applicative/Monad等等至关重要。
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先做cis194，紧接着NICTA，是这整篇Haskell学习导览的核心，也是我教每个人Haskell的方式。
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---
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## 补充课程cs240h
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> 提供更多中阶以上议题的教材
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[线上教材](http://www.scs.stanford.edu/14sp-cs240h/)
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这是[Bryan O'Sullivan](https://github.com/bos)在Stanford所教课程的线上版。
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如果你不知道他是谁，去翻翻Haskell的函式库吧！几乎一半以上常用的套件都有他的名字。
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特别是phantom types、information flow control、language extensions、concurrency、pipes和lenses。
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---
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### `<-` / `do` / list comprehension简便语法到底是什么？
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[很棒的解释](http://www.haskellforall.com/2014/10/how-to-desugar-haskell-code.html)。
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### 了解list和fold
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- [Explain List Folds to Yourself](http://vimeo.com/64673035)
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### 学习常用的typeclasses
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对了解`Functor`、`Applicative`、`Monad`、`Monoid｀和其他typeclasses很有帮助，而且还有
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些针对Haskell的范畴论(category theory)的解释：
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- [Typeclassopedia](http://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/Typeclassopedia)
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### 了解基本的Haskell错误讯息
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- [Understanding basic error messages](http://ics.p.lodz.pl/~stolarek/_media/pl:research:stolarek_understanding_basic_haskell_error_messages.pdf)
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---
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# Laziness, strictness, guarded recursion
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- [Marlow关于平行与同步的书](http://chimera.labs.oreilly.com/books/1230000000929/ch02.html)中，关于laziness与normal form的介绍
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是我所看过最好的。如果没有立即理解，不妨搭配以下补充材料。
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- [More points for lazy evaluation](http://augustss.blogspot.hu/2011/05/more-points-for-lazy-evaluation-in.html)
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- [Oh my laziness!](http://alpmestan.com/posts/2013-10-02-oh-my-laziness.html)
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- SO上的讨论串'[Does haskell have laziness?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/13042353/does-haskell-have-tail-recursive-optimization)'
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- [Johan Tibell](https://github.com/tibbe)'在[reasoning about laziness](http://www.slideshare.net/tibbe/reasoning-about-laziness)这个演讲的投影片
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## 演示
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```haskell
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let a = 1 : a -- guarded recursion, (:) is lazy and can be pattern matched.
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let (v : _) = a
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> v
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1
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> head a -- head a == v
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1
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let a = 1 * a -- not guarded, (*) is strict
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> a
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*** Exception: <<loop>>
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```
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# IO
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- [Evaluation order and State tokens](https://www.fpcomplete.com/user/snoyberg/general-haskell/advanced/evaluation-order-and-state-tokens)
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- [Unraveling the mystery of the IO monad](http://blog.ezyang.com/2011/05/unraveling-the-mystery-of-the-io-monad/).
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- [First class "statements"](http://blog.jle.im/entry/first-class-statements).
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- [Haddocks for System.IO.Unsafe.unsafePerformIO](http://hackage.haskell.org/package/base-4.7.0.1/docs/System-IO-Unsafe.html#v:unsafePerformIO)
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请读unsafeDupablePerformIO的文件和实作笔记。
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`glaebhoerl`在Reddit讨论串的留言：
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> 有趣的补充笔记: GHC需要将state token representation隐藏在抽象的IO型别后面，
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> 因为state token必须线性地使用，不能复制或丢弃，但型别系统无法强制这件事。
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> 某个干净、lazy、类似Haskell的语言的型别有uniqueness特性(类似linear type，但可能有些
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|
> 我没意识到的细微差别)，为了方便，它直接暴露World-passing并提供非抽象的IO monad。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# Monads and monad transformers
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> 在你了解typeclasses、Monoid、Functor和Applicative之前，请不要做下列练习！
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
尝试自行实作标准函式库中的monads(List、Maybe、Cont、Error、Reader、Writer、State)，可以让你
|
||||||
|
更了解它们。再来，不妨尝试用下述技术实作一个小型expression language的monadic直译器：
|
||||||
|
[Monad Transformers Step by Step](http://catamorph.de/documents/Transformers.pdf)(在下列monad transformer章节亦有提及)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
透过用不同的monad改变语意，从而产生不同的直译器，help convey what's going on。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Tony的演讲](https://vimeo.com/73648150)完美演绎为何需要monad transformer，
|
||||||
|
[投影片在此](https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/7810909/talks/monad-transformers/cbaa991e0eb49224eb286c1e418e2b9828e1fb21/monad-transformers.pdf).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
再来，实作`Control.Monad`中的函数，例如：`mapM`或`sequence`是个练习撰写generic monadic code的好机会。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
前面提到过的NICTA课程也可以用来当这个过程的指南，它也包括了如何撰写你自己的Applicative。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Credits:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- Reddit上htmltyp和Crandom的[留言](http://www.reddit.com/r/haskell/comments/29eke6/basic_program_ideas_for_learning_about_monads/cik5aj6)。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- Reddit上jozefg[的留言](http://www.reddit.com/r/haskell/comments/29eke6/basic_program_ideas_for_learning_about_monads/cik5trg)。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Monad transformers
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [A gentle introduction to Monad Transformers](https://github.com/kqr/gists/blob/master/articles/gentle-introduction-monad-transformers.md)。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Monad Transformers Step by Step](http://catamorph.de/documents/Transformers.pdf)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# Testing, tests, specs, generative/property testing
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- Kazu Yamamoto的[这篇教学](https://github.com/kazu-yamamoto/unit-test-example/blob/master/markdown/en/tutorial.md)堪称典范！
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Simple-Conduit](https://github.com/jwiegley/simple-conduit)：这个简单的函式库对于学习IO串流如何工作很有帮助，
|
||||||
|
所学亦可应用在其他函式库，例如Pipes和Conduit。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# Parsing in Haskell
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- Parser combinator [tutorial](https://github.com/JakeWheat/intro_to_parsing)
|
||||||
|
for Haskell using Parsec
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Writing your own micro-Parsec](http://olenhad.me/articles/monadic-parsers/)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Parsing与产生JSON
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Aeson是Haskell标准的[JSON](https://json.org)parsing解决方案。你可以从[hackage](https://hackage.haskell.org/package/aeson)或[github](https://github.com/bos/aeson)取得。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Parsing JSON using Aeson](http://blog.raynes.me/blog/2012/11/27/easy-json-parsing-in-haskell-with-aeson/)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Aeson and user created types](http://bitemyapp.com/posts/2014-04-11-aeson-and-user-created-types.html)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Parsing non-deterministic data with aeson and sum types](http://bitemyapp.com/posts/2014-04-17-parsing-nondeterministic-data-with-aeson-and-sum-types.html)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Aeson教学](https://www.fpcomplete.com/school/starting-with-haskell/libraries-and-frameworks/text-manipulation/json)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# 图学演算法与资料结构
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [fgl套件](https://hackage.haskell.org/package/fgl)。纯函数式的最短路径[演算法](http://hackage.haskell.org/package/fgl-5.4.2.2/docs/Data-Graph-Inductive-Query-SP.html)值得一看。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Inductive graphs and Functional Graph Algorithms](http://web.engr.oregonstate.edu/~erwig/papers/abstracts.html#JFP01).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [FGL/Haskell - A Functional Graph Library](http://web.engr.oregonstate.edu/~erwig/fgl/haskell/old/fgl0103.pdf).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Containers套件中的Data.Graph源码](http://hackage.haskell.org/package/containers-0.5.5.1/docs/Data-Graph.html).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [graphs套件](https://hackage.haskell.org/package/graphs).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [SO关于PHOAS的讨论串](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/24369954/separate-positive-and-negative-occurrences-of-phoas-variables-in-presence-of-rec)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [免费的PHOAS](https://www.fpcomplete.com/user/edwardk/phoas).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Tying the Knot](http://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/Tying_the_Knot).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Hackage: dag](https://hackage.haskell.org/package/dag).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# 开发环境
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Emacs
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Alejandro Serras's tutorial](https://github.com/serras/emacs-haskell-tutorial/blob/master/tutorial.md)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [My dotfiles](https://github.com/bitemyapp/dotfiles/)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Chris Done's emacs config](https://github.com/chrisdone/chrisdone-emacs)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Vim
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Vim page on haskellwiki](http://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/Vim)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Haskell-vim-now](https://github.com/begriffs/haskell-vim-now)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [A vim+haskell workflow](http://www.stephendiehl.com/posts/vim_haskell.html)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [GHC-Mod](https://github.com/kazu-yamamoto/ghc-mod)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [GHC-Mod vim plugin](https://github.com/eagletmt/ghcmod-vim)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Hindent](https://github.com/chrisdone/hindent)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Sublime Text
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [SublimeHaskell](https://github.com/SublimeHaskell/SublimeHaskell)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# Cabal常见问答
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## 一篇超赞的常见问答
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
不但对各种主题都有很好的导览，也包含了Cabal的一些重要基础。
|
||||||
|
- [What I wish I knew when learning Haskell](http://dev.stephendiehl.com/hask/)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Cabal导览
|
||||||
|
在引入沙箱(sandbox)前，Cabal地狱(Cabal Hell)对所有Haskell使用者来说都是一大问题。
|
||||||
|
在沙箱外安装的套件会直接装在你的用户套件资料库(user pacakge-db)中。除非是常用的基础套件，
|
||||||
|
例如Cabal、alex、happy等，这绝不是个好方法。除非你很清楚你自己在做什么，任何套件都不该
|
||||||
|
安装在用户资料裤或全域资料库(global package-db)。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
这里有些如何避免Cabal地狱的[最佳指南](http://softwaresimply.blogspot.com/2014/07/haskell-best-practices-for-avoiding.html)。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
如果要实验新套件，或是起始新专案，在一个新目录中执行`cabal sandbox init`。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
简言之：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- 无论是安装新套件、建置新旧专案、做任何实验，请用沙箱。
|
||||||
|
- 用`cabal repl`来启动project-scoped ghci实体。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
我所建议这种以沙箱为基础的方式，应该可以避免套件相依性的问题。但这与Haskell Platform提供
|
||||||
|
预先编译套件的方法不相容。如果你还在学习Haskell，而且不太了解ghc-pkg和Cabal如何运作，
|
||||||
|
*不要用Haskell Platform*，改用前面所提的安装方式。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Stackage
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
如果你面临一些建置上的问题(特别是Yesod)，不妨考虑用Stackage：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Stackage是什么](https://www.fpcomplete.com/blog/2014/05/stackage-server)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
据作者所言，Stackage通常比`cabal freeze`更实用。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# Hoogle与Haddock
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## 依型别表述搜寻源码
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[Hoogle搜寻引擎](http://www.haskell.org/hoogle/)可依型别搜寻。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
比方说，请看以下搜寻`(a -> b) -> [a] -> [b]`的结果：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[搜寻结果](http://www.haskell.org/hoogle/?hoogle=%28a+-%3E+b%29+-%3E+%5ba%5d+-%3E+%5bb%5d).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
fpcomplete所管理的[在此](https://www.fpcomplete.com/hoogle)。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
另外[Hayoo](http://holumbus.fh-wedel.de/hayoo/hayoo.html)预设开启了对所有hackage的搜寻。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## 设定你自己本地端的Hoogle
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
详细方法请看[这篇文章](https://gist.github.com/bitemyapp/3e6a015760775e0679bf)。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Haddock
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
1. 修正你的hackage文件[Fix your hackage documentation](http://fuuzetsu.co.uk/blog/posts/2014-01-06-Fix-your-Hackage-documentation.html)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
2. Hackage文件第二版[Hackage documentation v2](http://fuuzetsu.co.uk/blog/posts/2014-01-06-Hackage-documentation-v2.html)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
请注意，以上这些文章都*有些过期*，例如：现在Hacakge已支援shiny new info with documentation info and build status.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## 真正重要的事
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
为了让haddocks含入相关套件的文件，你必须在`~/.cabal/config`设立`ducumentation: True`。如果它被设为`False`，或间接被default(`False`)关闭，你会需要删除并重新安装所有套件，再产生haddocks。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
请记住，因为`$pkg`参数会被cabal内插，`html-location`和`content-location`参数*必须以单引号括入*，再插入shell命令或包含在shell脚本中。在Makefile中是不行的，因为它会被当作Make的变数！
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```bash
|
||||||
|
#! /usr/bin/env sh
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# 如果把反斜线去掉，你可以把它写成一行
|
||||||
|
cabal haddock --hoogle --hyperlink-source \
|
||||||
|
--html-location='http://hackage.haskell.org/package/$pkg/docs' \
|
||||||
|
--contents-location='http://hackage.haskell.org/package/$pkg'
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# TravisCI
|
||||||
|
如果你跟我一样，是[TravisCI](https://travis-ci.org)的超级粉丝，那我*强力建议*你参考[multi-ghc-travis](https://github.com/hvr /multi-ghc-travis)为你的Haskell专案的`travis.yml`设定档做基础。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# 前端/JavaScript
|
||||||
|
我们的选择多得惊人！我个人推荐三种：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* [Haste](http://haste-lang.org/) Haskell至JavaScript的编译器。a Haskell to JavaScript compiler
|
||||||
|
- [Github](https://github.com/valderman/haste-compiler)上的编译器源码
|
||||||
|
- 范例专案的[精彩展示](http://www.airpair.com/haskell/posts/haskell-tutorial-introduction-to-web-apps)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* [GHCJS](https://github.com/ghcjs/ghcjs)
|
||||||
|
- GHCJS简介[GHCJS Introduction](http://weblog.luite.com/wordpress/?p=14)
|
||||||
|
- [Functional Reactive Web Interfaces with GHCJS and Sodium](http://weblog.luite.com/wordpress/?p=127)
|
||||||
|
- 用Haskell搭配ghcjs撰写Atom插件[Writing Atom plugins in Haskell using ghcjs](http://edsko.net/2015/02/14/atom-haskell/)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* [PureScript](http://www.purescript.org/)
|
||||||
|
- 不像Haste或GHCJS般是纯Haskell，但是Haskller们的热门选择
|
||||||
|
- 以Haskell实作，亦受Haskell启发
|
||||||
|
- 在浏览器上[试试](http://try.purescript.org/)
|
||||||
|
- [起步导览](http://www.christopherbiscardi.com/2014/06/22/getting-started-with-purescript/)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## 我用哪一种前端语言？
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
GHCJS和Haste都是纯Haskell，GHCJS比Haste能和更多的Haskell套件相容，但这不会影响大多数的前端专案。PureScript并非Haskell，因此无法直接和你的后端分享源码。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
GHCJS的执行期payload是最大的，大约100kb (luite正在研究如何解决此问题)，Haste则和PureScript差不多。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
PureScript有最好的JS工具链整合(用gulp/grunt/bower)，GHCJS和Haste则与Haskell工具链整合较佳(例如Cabal)。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
以上三者都是极佳选择，大多数的前端专案都适用。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# 想要更充分了解laziness、NF、WHNF
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Notes on lambda calculus](https://vec.io/posts/notes-on-lambda-calculus).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## 关于lazy lambda calculus的研究论文
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [A call by need lambda calculus](http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/wadler/topics/call-by-need.html#need-journal).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Demonstrating Lambda Calculus Reduction](http://www.itu.dk/~sestoft/papers/sestoft-lamreduce.pdf)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [The lazy lambda calculus](http://www.cs.ox.ac.uk/files/293/lazy.pdf).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Lazy evaluation of Haskell](http://www.vex.net/~trebla/haskell/lazy.xhtml)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# 平行／并行(Parallelism/Concurrency)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Parallel and Concurrent Programming in Haskell](http://chimera.labs.oreilly.com/books/1230000000929)。在我所读过的文献中，Simon Marlow所撰的这本书是此主题的佼佼者。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [这篇教学](http://kukuruku.co/hub/haskell/haskell-testing-a-multithread-application)带领你一步步学习如何用Haskell测试、渐进开发多绪应用程式。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Functional Reactive Programming](http://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/Functional_Reactive_Programming)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# Lenses and Prisms
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
在你习惯Haskell后，我强烈建议你学习Lenses与Prisms。你不必了解底层的原理，只要当一个使用者，就很受用。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
大家普遍误会Lens是个很难用的东西，其实任何一个了解Functor/Foldable/Traversable，甚至只知道Functor的人，都可以运用Lenses与Prisms来让他们的开发生涯更快乐。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
如果你曾经做过：`(fmap . fmap)`，你其实已经有Lense的思维了。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
我推荐以下两篇教学：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [A little lens starter tutorial](https://www.fpcomplete.com/school/to-infinity-and-beyond/pick-of-the-week/a-little-lens-starter-tutorial)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Lens: Lenses, Folds and Traversals](https://github.com/ekmett/lens#lens-lenses-folds-and-traversals)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
详细资料请看这里：[Lens package on hackage](http://hackage.haskell.org/package/lens).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# 递回范式(Recursion Schemes)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
你一定听过些疯狂的『\*-morphism』，他们其实只是递回。在尝试搞懂前，你应该要先知道如何实作list至少一种其他资料结构的foldr，例如tree (folds叫做catamorphisms)。再进一步了解如何在以上资料结构实作unfold (anamorphism)会让整体知识完善些。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
以下资料与traversable和foldable的概念相合。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [An introduction to recursion schemes](http://patrickthomson.ghost.io/an-introduction-to-recursion-schemes/)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Don't fear the cat](http://fho.f12n.de/posts/2014-05-07-dont-fear-the-cat.html) -
|
||||||
|
Good demonstration of how hylomorphism is the composition of cata and ana.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Recursion Schemes](http://comonad.com/reader/2009/recursion-schemes/) - This
|
||||||
|
field guide is excellent.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Functional Programming with Bananas, Lenses, Envelopes and Barbed Wire](http://eprints.eemcs.utwente.nl/7281/01/db-utwente-40501F46.pdf)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Catamorphisms](https://www.fpcomplete.com/user/edwardk/recursion-schemes/catamorphisms)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# GHC核心与效能调校
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Write Haskell as Fast as C](write_haskell_as_fast_as_c.md)
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|
|
||||||
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- [GHC Wiki: CoreSyn Type](https://ghc.haskell.org/trac/ghc/wiki/Commentary/Compiler/CoreSynType).
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- [Hackage: GHC Core](https://hackage.haskell.org/package/ghc-core).
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||||||
|
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||||||
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- [SO Question: Reading GHC Core](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6121146/reading-ghc-core).
|
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|
|
||||||
|
- [Haskell as fast as C](http://donsbot.wordpress.com/2008/06/04/haskell-as-fast-as-c-working-at-a-high-altitude-for-low-level -performance/).
|
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|
|
||||||
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- [Real World Haskell, Chapter 25: Profiling and Optimizations](http://book.realworldhaskell.org/read/profiling-and-optimization.html).
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# 型别(Type)与范畴论(Category Theory)
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> 写Haskell*不用学*，仅供有兴趣的人参考！
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|
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|
如果你想开始学习型别与范畴论：
|
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|
|
||||||
|
- [Catster's Guide](http://byorgey.wordpress.com/2014/01/14/catsters-guide/) and
|
||||||
|
[Catster's Guide 2](http://byorgey.wordpress.com/catsters-guide-2/)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [haskell wikibook](http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Haskell/Category_theory) 有不错的图解。
|
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|
|
||||||
|
- Haskellwiki上的[Category Theory](http://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/Category_theory)也有不错的参考资料。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Categories from scratch](http://science.raphael.poss.name/categories-from-scratch.html)，有实例。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- Pierce的[Great Works in PL](http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~bcpierce/courses/670Fall04/GreatWorksInPL.shtml)列表。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## 书籍
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- Kmett推荐：[Quora Question: What is the best textbook for category theory?](http://www.quora.com/Category-Theory/What-is-the-best-textbook-for-Category-theory?share =1)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Awodey](http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199237180.do)和
|
||||||
|
[MacLane](http://www.amazon.com/Categories-Working-Mathematician-Graduate-Mathematics/dp/0387984038)。范畴学的标准教科书。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Harper's Practical Foundations for Programming Languages](http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~rwh/plbook/book.pdf)是我读过以程式语言角度切入的最佳介绍。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Type theory and Functional Programming](http://www.cs.kent.ac.uk/people/staff/sjt/TTFP/).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Stephen俏皮的"How to get to monad"文章
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Adjunctions](http://www.stephendiehl.com/posts/adjunctions.html).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Monads](http://www.stephendiehl.com/posts/monads.html).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# 其他有趣的主题
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Parametricity, ad-hoc vs. parametric polymorphism, free theorems
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Parametricity](tony_parametricity.pdf).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [TeX sources](https://github.com/tonymorris/parametricity/)上述演讲的TeX源。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Making ad-hoc polymorphism less ad-hoc](http://swizec.com/blog/week-20-making-ad-hoc-polymorphism-less-ad-hoc/swizec/6564).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Theorems for Free!](http://ttic.uchicago.edu/~dreyer/course/papers/wadler.pdf).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Initial与Final、DSLs、与Tagless
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Final Encodings, Part 1: A Quick Demonstration](http://creativelad.wordpress.com/2013/11/28/final-encodings-part-1-a-quick-demonstration/).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Transforming Polymorphic Values](http://martijn.van.steenbergen.nl/journal/2009/10/18/transforming-polymorphic-values/).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [GADTs in Haskell 98](http://martijn.van.steenbergen.nl/journal/2009/11/12/gadts-in-haskell-98/).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Typed Tagless-Final Linear Lambda Calculus](https://www.fpcomplete.com/user/mutjida/typed-tagless-final-linear-lambda-calculus).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Typed tagless-final interpretations: Lecture notes](http://okmij.org/ftp/tagless-final/course/course.html).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Typed Tagless Final Interpreters](http://okmij.org/ftp/tagless-final/course/lecture.pdf).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [The dog that didn't bark](http://existentialtype.wordpress.com/2011/03/21/the-dog-that-didnt-bark/)较无相关，但非常有趣。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Comonads
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Comonads in Haskell](https://speakerdeck.com/dmoverton/comonads-in-haskell).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [SO question: Can a Monad be a Comonad](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/16551734/can-a-monad-be-a-comonad).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Yoneda / CoYoneda
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [SO question: Step-by-step explanation of coyoneda](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/24000465/step-by-step-deep-explain-the-power-of-coyoneda-preferably-in-scala -throu).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- Free monads for Less, Edward Kmett的系列文章
|
||||||
|
* [Part 1: Codensity](http://comonad.com/reader/2011/free-monads-for-less/).
|
||||||
|
* [Part 2: Yoneda](http://comonad.com/reader/2011/free-monads-for-less-2/).
|
||||||
|
* [Part 3: Yielding IO](http://comonad.com/reader/2011/free-monads-for-less-3/).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Propositions vs. Judgments (computation)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [StackExchange question: What is the difference between propositions and judgements](http://cstheory.stackexchange.com/questions/9826/what-is-the-difference-between-propositions-and-judgments).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Lecture notes from a short, three lecture course](http://www.ae-info.org/attach/User/Martin-L%C3%B6f_Per/OtherInformation/article.pdf)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# Dependent typing
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Grokking sum types, value constructors, and type constructors](http://bitemyapp.com/posts/2014-04-05-grokking-sums-and-constructors.html) squint hard.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Lightweight Dependent-type Programming](http://okmij.org/ftp/Computation/lightweight-dependent-typing.html).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Idris programming language](http://www.idris-lang.org/).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# 静态连结二元档Statically linking binaries
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Static linking](https://wiki.haskell.org/Web/Literature/Static_linking)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Static linking with GHC on Arch Linux](http://www.edofic.com/posts/2014-05-03-ghc-arch-static.html)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Statically linking Linux binaries for ARM & MIPS](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/14270177/ghc-statically-linking-linux-binaries-for-arm-mips-processors)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Statically link GMP using GHC and LLVM](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/10539857/statically-link-gmp-to-an-haskell-application-using-ghc-llvm)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# 补充资料
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> 有部分已在本文提及
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Essential Haskell Reading List](http://www.stephendiehl.com/posts/essential_haskell.html)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## 对话记录
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> 在[本储存库中](dialogues.md)。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
里面有些非常重要而有帮助的资讯，可协助你深入了解许多不同的议题。
|
||||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user