From 4bf47c9aad51f10407b599b1b3662c801f349920 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: sotrh Date: Tue, 30 Aug 2022 22:37:41 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] =?UTF-8?q?Deploying=20to=20gh-pages=20from=20@=20sotrh/le?= =?UTF-8?q?arn-wgpu@6951ceb3c1dc5388b2a8ab01845239082c01ba1f=20?= =?UTF-8?q?=F0=9F=9A=80?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- 404.html | 4 ++-- assets/js/{31.219054b5.js => 31.94628362.js} | 2 +- assets/js/{app.e5f9721f.js => app.55e43ff0.js} | 4 ++-- beginner/tutorial1-window/index.html | 8 ++++---- beginner/tutorial2-surface/index.html | 8 ++++---- beginner/tutorial3-pipeline/index.html | 8 ++++---- beginner/tutorial4-buffer/index.html | 8 ++++---- beginner/tutorial5-textures/index.html | 8 ++++---- beginner/tutorial6-uniforms/index.html | 10 +++++----- beginner/tutorial7-instancing/index.html | 8 ++++---- beginner/tutorial8-depth/index.html | 8 ++++---- beginner/tutorial9-models/index.html | 8 ++++---- index.html | 8 ++++---- intermediate/pbr-notes.html | 8 ++++---- intermediate/tutorial10-lighting/index.html | 8 ++++---- intermediate/tutorial11-normals/index.html | 8 ++++---- intermediate/tutorial12-camera/index.html | 8 ++++---- intermediate/tutorial13-terrain/index.html | 8 ++++---- news/0.12/index.html | 8 ++++---- news/0.13/index.html | 8 ++++---- news/pre-0.12/index.html | 8 ++++---- showcase/alignment/index.html | 8 ++++---- showcase/compute/index.html | 8 ++++---- showcase/gifs/index.html | 8 ++++---- showcase/imgui-demo/index.html | 8 ++++---- showcase/index.html | 8 ++++---- showcase/pong/index.html | 8 ++++---- showcase/threading/index.html | 8 ++++---- showcase/windowless/index.html | 8 ++++---- todo.html | 8 ++++---- 30 files changed, 114 insertions(+), 114 deletions(-) rename assets/js/{31.219054b5.js => 31.94628362.js} (99%) rename assets/js/{app.e5f9721f.js => app.55e43ff0.js} (99%) diff --git a/404.html b/404.html index 9ee2eaf5..4cb83149 100644 --- a/404.html +++ b/404.html @@ -8,11 +8,11 @@ - +

404

That's a Four-Oh-Four.
Take me home.
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We also need some way of getting it into our shaders.")]),t._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"the-uniform-buffer"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#the-uniform-buffer"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" The uniform buffer")]),t._v(" "),n("p",[t._v("Up to this point, we've used "),n("code",[t._v("Buffer")]),t._v("s to store our vertex and index data, and even to load our textures. We are going to use them again to create what's known as a uniform buffer. A uniform is a blob of data that is available to every invocation of a set of shaders. We've technically already used uniforms for our texture and sampler. We're going to use them again to store our view projection matrix. 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The camera slowly moves back when you rotate it. It works for our purposes though. Feel free to improve it!")]),t._v(" "),n("p",[t._v("We still need to plug this into our existing code to make it do anything. Add the controller to "),n("code",[t._v("State")]),t._v(" and create it in "),n("code",[t._v("new()")]),t._v(".")]),t._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-rust extra-class"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-rust"}},[n("code",[n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("struct")]),t._v(" "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token type-definition class-name"}},[t._v("State")]),t._v(" "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("\n "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// ...")]),t._v("\n camera"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("Camera")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v("\n "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// NEW!")]),t._v("\n camera_controller"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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The camera slowly moves back when you rotate it. It works for our purposes though. Feel free to improve it!")]),t._v(" "),n("p",[t._v("We still need to plug this into our existing code to make it do anything. Add the controller to "),n("code",[t._v("State")]),t._v(" and create it in "),n("code",[t._v("new()")]),t._v(".")]),t._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-rust extra-class"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-rust"}},[n("code",[n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("struct")]),t._v(" "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token type-definition class-name"}},[t._v("State")]),t._v(" "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("\n "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// ...")]),t._v("\n camera"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("Camera")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v("\n "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// NEW!")]),t._v("\n camera_controller"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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The values in our uniform buffer need to be updated. There are a few main methods to do that.")]),t._v(" "),n("ol",[n("li",[t._v("We can create a separate buffer and copy its contents to our "),n("code",[t._v("camera_buffer")]),t._v(". The new buffer is known as a staging buffer. This method is usually how it's done as it allows the contents of the main buffer (in this case "),n("code",[t._v("camera_buffer")]),t._v(") to only be accessible by the gpu. The gpu can do some speed optimizations which it couldn't if we could access the buffer via the cpu.")]),t._v(" "),n("li",[t._v("We can call one of the mapping methods "),n("code",[t._v("map_read_async")]),t._v(", and "),n("code",[t._v("map_write_async")]),t._v(" on the buffer itself. 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We won't talk about it here, but you check out "),n("a",{attrs:{href:"../../showcase/windowless"}},[t._v("Wgpu without a window")]),t._v(" tutorial if you want to know more.")]),t._v(" "),n("li",[t._v("We can use "),n("code",[t._v("write_buffer")]),t._v(" on "),n("code",[t._v("queue")]),t._v(".")])]),t._v(" "),n("p",[t._v("We're going to use option number 3.")]),t._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-rust extra-class"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-rust"}},[n("code",[n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("fn")]),t._v(" "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function-definition function"}},[t._v("update")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("&")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("mut")]),t._v(" "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("self")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),t._v(" "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("\n "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("self")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("camera_controller"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("update_camera")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("&")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("mut")]),t._v(" "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("self")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("camera"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("self")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("camera_uniform"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("update_view_proj")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("&")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("self")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("camera"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("self")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("queue"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("write_buffer")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("&")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("self")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("camera_buffer"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v(" "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[t._v("0")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v(" "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token namespace"}},[t._v("bytemuck"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("::")])]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("cast_slice")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("&")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("[")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("self")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("camera_uniform"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("]")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),t._v("\n")])])]),n("p",[t._v("That's all we need to do. If you run the code now you should see a pentagon with our tree texture that you can rotate around and zoom into with the wasd/arrow keys.")]),t._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"challenge"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#challenge"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Challenge")]),t._v(" "),n("p",[t._v("Have our model rotate on its own independently of the camera. 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The RenderPassColorAttachment has the view field which informs wgpu what texture to save the colors to. In this case we specify the view that we created using surface.get_current_texture(). This means that any colors we draw to this attachment will get drawn to the screen.

The resolve_target is the texture that will receive the resolved output. This will be the same as view unless multisampling is enabled. We don't need to specify this, so we leave it as None.

The ops field takes a wpgu::Operations object. This tells wgpu what to do with the colors on the screen (specified by view). The load field tells wgpu how to handle colors stored from the previous frame. Currently, we are clearing the screen with a bluish color. The store field tells wgpu whether we want to store the rendered results to the Texture behind our TextureView (in this case it's the SurfaceTexture). We use true as we do want to store our render results.

It's not uncommon to not clear the screen if the screen is going to be completely covered up with objects. If your scene doesn't cover the entire screen however you can end up with something like this.

./no-clear.png

# Validation Errors?

If wgpu is using Vulkan on your machine, you may run into validation errors if you are running an older version of the Vulkan SDK. You should be using at least version 1.2.182 as older versions can give out some false positives. If errors persist, you may have encountered a bug in wgpu. You can post an issue at https://github.com/gfx-rs/wgpu (opens new window)

# Challenge

Modify the input() method to capture mouse events, and update the clear color using that. Hint: you'll probably need to use WindowEvent::CursorMoved.

Check out the code! (opens new window)
Last Updated: 8/30/2022, 10:23:04 PM

+

The RenderPassColorAttachment has the view field which informs wgpu what texture to save the colors to. In this case we specify the view that we created using surface.get_current_texture(). This means that any colors we draw to this attachment will get drawn to the screen.

The resolve_target is the texture that will receive the resolved output. This will be the same as view unless multisampling is enabled. We don't need to specify this, so we leave it as None.

The ops field takes a wpgu::Operations object. This tells wgpu what to do with the colors on the screen (specified by view). The load field tells wgpu how to handle colors stored from the previous frame. Currently, we are clearing the screen with a bluish color. The store field tells wgpu whether we want to store the rendered results to the Texture behind our TextureView (in this case it's the SurfaceTexture). We use true as we do want to store our render results.

It's not uncommon to not clear the screen if the screen is going to be completely covered up with objects. If your scene doesn't cover the entire screen however you can end up with something like this.

./no-clear.png

# Validation Errors?

If wgpu is using Vulkan on your machine, you may run into validation errors if you are running an older version of the Vulkan SDK. You should be using at least version 1.2.182 as older versions can give out some false positives. If errors persist, you may have encountered a bug in wgpu. You can post an issue at https://github.com/gfx-rs/wgpu (opens new window)

# Challenge

Modify the input() method to capture mouse events, and update the clear color using that. Hint: you'll probably need to use WindowEvent::CursorMoved.

Check out the code! (opens new window)
Last Updated: 8/30/2022, 10:22:33 PM

← →

- + diff --git a/beginner/tutorial3-pipeline/index.html b/beginner/tutorial3-pipeline/index.html index 7176669c..6a12f6da 100644 --- a/beginner/tutorial3-pipeline/index.html +++ b/beginner/tutorial3-pipeline/index.html @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ - + @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ - + @@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ fn fs_main(in: VertexOutput) -> @location(0) vec4<f32> { render_pass.draw(0..3, 0..1); // 3. } // ... -

We didn't change much, but let's talk about what we did change.

  1. We renamed _render_pass to render_pass and made it mutable.
  2. We set the pipeline on the render_pass using the one we just created.
  3. We tell wgpu to draw something with 3 vertices, and 1 instance. This is where @builtin(vertex_index) comes from.

With all that you should be seeing a lovely brown triangle.

Said lovely brown triangle

# Challenge

Create a second pipeline that uses the triangle's position data to create a color that it then sends to the fragment shader. Have the app swap between these when you press the spacebar. Hint: you'll need to modify VertexOutput

Check out the code! (opens new window)
Last Updated: 8/30/2022, 10:23:04 PM

+

We didn't change much, but let's talk about what we did change.

  1. We renamed _render_pass to render_pass and made it mutable.
  2. We set the pipeline on the render_pass using the one we just created.
  3. We tell wgpu to draw something with 3 vertices, and 1 instance. This is where @builtin(vertex_index) comes from.

With all that you should be seeing a lovely brown triangle.

Said lovely brown triangle

# Challenge

Create a second pipeline that uses the triangle's position data to create a color that it then sends to the fragment shader. Have the app swap between these when you press the spacebar. Hint: you'll need to modify VertexOutput

Check out the code! (opens new window)
Last Updated: 8/30/2022, 10:22:33 PM

← →

- + diff --git a/beginner/tutorial4-buffer/index.html b/beginner/tutorial4-buffer/index.html index a1a3386a..aac3ba07 100644 --- a/beginner/tutorial4-buffer/index.html +++ b/beginner/tutorial4-buffer/index.html @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ - + @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ - + @@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ render_pass. render_pass.set_vertex_buffer(0, self.vertex_buffer.slice(..)); render_pass.set_index_buffer(self.index_buffer.slice(..), wgpu::IndexFormat::Uint16); // 1. render_pass.draw_indexed(0..self.num_indices, 0, 0..1); // 2. -

A couple things to note:

  1. The method name is set_index_buffer not set_index_buffers. You can only have one index buffer set at a time.
  2. When using an index buffer, you need to use draw_indexed. The draw method ignores the index buffer. Also make sure you use the number of indices (num_indices), not vertices as your model will either draw wrong, or the method will panic because there are not enough indices.

With all that you should have a garishly magenta pentagon in your window.

Magenta pentagon in window

# Color Correction

If you use a color picker on the magenta pentagon, you'll get a hex value of #BC00BC. If you convert this to RGB values you'll get (188, 0, 188). Dividing these values by 255 to get them into the [0, 1] range we get roughly (0.737254902, 0, 0.737254902). This is not the same as what we are using for our vertex colors, which is (0.5, 0.0, 0.5). The reason for this has to do with color spaces.

Most monitors use a color space known as sRGB. Our surface is (most likely depending on what is returned from surface.get_preferred_format()) using an sRGB texture format. The sRGB format stores colors according to their relative brightness instead of their actual brightness. The reason for this is that our eyes don't perceive light linearly. We notice more differences in darker colors than we do in lighter colors.

You get an approximation of the correct color using the following formula: srgb_color = (rgb_color / 255) ^ 2.2. Doing this with an RGB value of (188, 0, 188) will give us (0.511397819, 0.0, 0.511397819). A little off from our (0.5, 0.0, 0.5). While you could tweak the formula to get the desired values, you'll likely save a lot of time by using textures instead as they are stored as sRGB by default, so they don't suffer from the same color inaccuracies that vertex colors do. We'll cover textures in the next lesson.

# Challenge

Create a more complex shape than the one we made (aka. more than three triangles) using a vertex buffer and an index buffer. Toggle between the two with the space key.

Check out the code! (opens new window)
Last Updated: 8/30/2022, 10:23:04 PM

+

A couple things to note:

  1. The method name is set_index_buffer not set_index_buffers. You can only have one index buffer set at a time.
  2. When using an index buffer, you need to use draw_indexed. The draw method ignores the index buffer. Also make sure you use the number of indices (num_indices), not vertices as your model will either draw wrong, or the method will panic because there are not enough indices.

With all that you should have a garishly magenta pentagon in your window.

Magenta pentagon in window

# Color Correction

If you use a color picker on the magenta pentagon, you'll get a hex value of #BC00BC. If you convert this to RGB values you'll get (188, 0, 188). Dividing these values by 255 to get them into the [0, 1] range we get roughly (0.737254902, 0, 0.737254902). This is not the same as what we are using for our vertex colors, which is (0.5, 0.0, 0.5). The reason for this has to do with color spaces.

Most monitors use a color space known as sRGB. Our surface is (most likely depending on what is returned from surface.get_preferred_format()) using an sRGB texture format. The sRGB format stores colors according to their relative brightness instead of their actual brightness. The reason for this is that our eyes don't perceive light linearly. We notice more differences in darker colors than we do in lighter colors.

You get an approximation of the correct color using the following formula: srgb_color = (rgb_color / 255) ^ 2.2. Doing this with an RGB value of (188, 0, 188) will give us (0.511397819, 0.0, 0.511397819). A little off from our (0.5, 0.0, 0.5). While you could tweak the formula to get the desired values, you'll likely save a lot of time by using textures instead as they are stored as sRGB by default, so they don't suffer from the same color inaccuracies that vertex colors do. We'll cover textures in the next lesson.

# Challenge

Create a more complex shape than the one we made (aka. more than three triangles) using a vertex buffer and an index buffer. Toggle between the two with the space key.

Check out the code! (opens new window)
Last Updated: 8/30/2022, 10:22:33 PM

← →

- + diff --git a/beginner/tutorial5-textures/index.html b/beginner/tutorial5-textures/index.html index 8bd48e80..3a2342c7 100644 --- a/beginner/tutorial5-textures/index.html +++ b/beginner/tutorial5-textures/index.html @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ - + @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ - + @@ -406,7 +406,7 @@ fn fs_main(in: VertexOutput) -> @location(0) vec4<f32> { } } } -

Phew!

With these changes in place, the code should be working the same as it was before, but we now have a much easier way to create textures.

# Challenge

Create another texture and swap it out when you press the space key.

Check out the code! (opens new window)
Last Updated: 8/30/2022, 10:23:04 PM

+

Phew!

With these changes in place, the code should be working the same as it was before, but we now have a much easier way to create textures.

# Challenge

Create another texture and swap it out when you press the space key.

Check out the code! (opens new window)
Last Updated: 8/30/2022, 10:22:33 PM

← →

- + diff --git a/beginner/tutorial6-uniforms/index.html b/beginner/tutorial6-uniforms/index.html index bda7ab52..ca248aa6 100644 --- a/beginner/tutorial6-uniforms/index.html +++ b/beginner/tutorial6-uniforms/index.html @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ - + @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ - + @@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ return OPENGL_TO_WGPU_MATRIX * proj * view; } } -

The build_view_projection_matrix is where the magic happens.

  1. The view matrix moves the world to be at the position and rotation of the camera. It's essentially an inverse of whatever the transform matrix of the camera would be.
  2. The proj matrix warps the scene to give the effect of depth. Without this, objects up close would be the same size as objects far away.
  3. The coordinate system in Wgpu is based on DirectX, and Metal's coordinate systems. That means that in normalized device coordinates (opens new window) the x axis and y axis are in the range of -1.0 to +1.0, and the z axis is 0.0 to +1.0. The cgmath crate (as well as most game math crates) is built for OpenGL's coordinate system. This matrix will scale and translate our scene from OpenGL's coordinate system to WGPU's. We'll define it as follows.
#[rustfmt::skip]
+

The build_view_projection_matrix is where the magic happens.

  1. The view matrix moves the world to be at the position and rotation of the camera. It's essentially an inverse of whatever the transform matrix of the camera would be.
  2. The proj matrix wraps the scene to give the effect of depth. Without this, objects up close would be the same size as objects far away.
  3. The coordinate system in Wgpu is based on DirectX, and Metal's coordinate systems. That means that in normalized device coordinates (opens new window) the x axis and y axis are in the range of -1.0 to +1.0, and the z axis is 0.0 to +1.0. The cgmath crate (as well as most game math crates) is built for OpenGL's coordinate system. This matrix will scale and translate our scene from OpenGL's coordinate system to WGPU's. We'll define it as follows.
#[rustfmt::skip]
 pub const OPENGL_TO_WGPU_MATRIX: cgmath::Matrix4<f32> = cgmath::Matrix4::new(
     1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0,
     0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0,
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ fn vs_main(
     self.camera_uniform.update_view_proj(&self.camera);
     self.queue.write_buffer(&self.camera_buffer, 0, bytemuck::cast_slice(&[self.camera_uniform]));
 }
-

That's all we need to do. If you run the code now you should see a pentagon with our tree texture that you can rotate around and zoom into with the wasd/arrow keys.

# Challenge

Have our model rotate on its own independently of the camera. Hint: you'll need another matrix for this.

Check out the code! (opens new window)
Last Updated: 8/30/2022, 10:23:04 PM

+

That's all we need to do. If you run the code now you should see a pentagon with our tree texture that you can rotate around and zoom into with the wasd/arrow keys.

# Challenge

Have our model rotate on its own independently of the camera. Hint: you'll need another matrix for this.

Check out the code! (opens new window)
Last Updated: 8/30/2022, 10:22:33 PM

← →

- + diff --git a/beginner/tutorial7-instancing/index.html b/beginner/tutorial7-instancing/index.html index b3c0d69d..f4c64166 100644 --- a/beginner/tutorial7-instancing/index.html +++ b/beginner/tutorial7-instancing/index.html @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ - + @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ - + @@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ fn vs_main( out.clip_position = camera.view_proj * model_matrix * vec4<f32>(model.position, 1.0); return out; } -

With all that done, we should have a forest of trees!

./forest.png

# Challenge

Modify the position and/or rotation of the instances every frame.

Check out the code! (opens new window)
Last Updated: 8/30/2022, 10:23:04 PM

+

With all that done, we should have a forest of trees!

./forest.png

# Challenge

Modify the position and/or rotation of the instances every frame.

Check out the code! (opens new window)
Last Updated: 8/30/2022, 10:22:33 PM

← →

- + diff --git a/beginner/tutorial8-depth/index.html b/beginner/tutorial8-depth/index.html index d2a2b82e..ebd90f6d 100644 --- a/beginner/tutorial8-depth/index.html +++ b/beginner/tutorial8-depth/index.html @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ - + @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ - + @@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ depth_texture, stencil_ops: None, }), }); -

And that's all we have to do! No shader code needed! If you run the application, the depth issues will be fixed.

forest_fixed.png

# Challenge

Since the depth buffer is a texture, we can sample it in the shader. Because it's a depth texture, we'll have to use the sampler_comparison uniform type and the textureSampleCompare function instead of sampler, and sampler2D respectively. Create a bind group for the depth texture (or reuse an existing one), and render it to the screen.

Check out the code! (opens new window)
Last Updated: 8/30/2022, 10:23:04 PM

+

And that's all we have to do! No shader code needed! If you run the application, the depth issues will be fixed.

forest_fixed.png

# Challenge

Since the depth buffer is a texture, we can sample it in the shader. Because it's a depth texture, we'll have to use the sampler_comparison uniform type and the textureSampleCompare function instead of sampler, and sampler2D respectively. Create a bind group for the depth texture (or reuse an existing one), and render it to the screen.

Check out the code! (opens new window)
Last Updated: 8/30/2022, 10:22:33 PM

← →

- + diff --git a/beginner/tutorial9-models/index.html b/beginner/tutorial9-models/index.html index 8d35ddba..8d95f809 100644 --- a/beginner/tutorial9-models/index.html +++ b/beginner/tutorial9-models/index.html @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ - + @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ - + @@ -424,7 +424,7 @@ render_pass.

The code in lib.rs will change accordingly.

render_pass.set_vertex_buffer(1, self.instance_buffer.slice(..));
 render_pass.set_pipeline(&self.render_pipeline);
 render_pass.draw_model_instanced(&self.obj_model, 0..self.instances.len() as u32, &self.camera_bind_group);
-
Check out the code! (opens new window)
Last Updated: 8/30/2022, 10:23:04 PM

+

Check out the code! (opens new window)
Last Updated: 8/30/2022, 10:22:33 PM

← →

- + diff --git a/index.html b/index.html index 32294128..859d42d8 100644 --- a/index.html +++ b/index.html @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ - + @@ -19,15 +19,15 @@ - + -
Learn Wgpu

# Introduction

# What is wgpu?

Wgpu (opens new window) is a Rust implementation of the WebGPU API spec (opens new window). WebGPU is a specification published by the GPU for the Web Community Group. It aims to allow web code access to GPU functions in a safe and reliable manner. It does this by mimicking the Vulkan API, and translating that down to whatever API the host hardware is using (ie. DirectX, Metal, Vulkan).

Wgpu is still in development, so some of this doc is subject to change.

# Why Rust?

Wgpu actually has C bindings to allow you to write C/C++ code with it, as well as use other languages that interface with C. That being said, wgpu is written in Rust, and it has some convenient Rust bindings that don't have to jump through any hoops. On top of that, I've been enjoying writing in Rust.

You should be fairly familiar with Rust before using this tutorial as I won't go into much detail on Rust syntax. If you're not super comfortable with Rust you can review the Rust tutorial (opens new window). You should also be familiar with Cargo (opens new window).

I'm using this project to learn wgpu myself, so I might miss some important details, or explain things badly. I'm always open to constructive feedback.

# Contribution and Support

  • I accept pull requests (GitHub repo (opens new window)) for fixing issues with this tutorial such as typos, incorrect information, and other inconsistencies.
  • Due to wgpu's rapidly changing api, I'm not accepting any new pull requests for showcase demos.
  • If you want to support me directly, check out my patreon (opens new window)!

# Translations

# Special thanks to these patrons!

  • David Laban
  • Gunstein Vatnar
  • Lennart
  • Ian Gowen
  • Aron Granberg
  • Bernard Llanos
  • Jan Šipr
  • Zeh Fernando
  • Felix
  • Youngsuk Kim
  • オリトイツキ
  • Andrea Postal
  • charlesk
Last Updated: 8/30/2022, 10:23:04 PM

+

Learn Wgpu

# Introduction

# What is wgpu?

Wgpu (opens new window) is a Rust implementation of the WebGPU API spec (opens new window). WebGPU is a specification published by the GPU for the Web Community Group. It aims to allow web code access to GPU functions in a safe and reliable manner. It does this by mimicking the Vulkan API, and translating that down to whatever API the host hardware is using (ie. DirectX, Metal, Vulkan).

Wgpu is still in development, so some of this doc is subject to change.

# Why Rust?

Wgpu actually has C bindings to allow you to write C/C++ code with it, as well as use other languages that interface with C. That being said, wgpu is written in Rust, and it has some convenient Rust bindings that don't have to jump through any hoops. On top of that, I've been enjoying writing in Rust.

You should be fairly familiar with Rust before using this tutorial as I won't go into much detail on Rust syntax. If you're not super comfortable with Rust you can review the Rust tutorial (opens new window). You should also be familiar with Cargo (opens new window).

I'm using this project to learn wgpu myself, so I might miss some important details, or explain things badly. I'm always open to constructive feedback.

# Contribution and Support

  • I accept pull requests (GitHub repo (opens new window)) for fixing issues with this tutorial such as typos, incorrect information, and other inconsistencies.
  • Due to wgpu's rapidly changing api, I'm not accepting any new pull requests for showcase demos.
  • If you want to support me directly, check out my patreon (opens new window)!

# Translations

# Special thanks to these patrons!

  • David Laban
  • Gunstein Vatnar
  • Lennart
  • Ian Gowen
  • Aron Granberg
  • Bernard Llanos
  • Jan Šipr
  • Zeh Fernando
  • Felix
  • Youngsuk Kim
  • オリトイツキ
  • Andrea Postal
  • charlesk
Last Updated: 8/30/2022, 10:22:33 PM

Dependencies and the window →

- + diff --git a/intermediate/pbr-notes.html b/intermediate/pbr-notes.html index e911572c..3023dc48 100644 --- a/intermediate/pbr-notes.html +++ b/intermediate/pbr-notes.html @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ - + @@ -19,11 +19,11 @@ - + -
Learn Wgpu

# Sources

  • https://www.scratchapixel.com/lessons/3d-basic-rendering/introduction-to-shading/diffuse-lambertian-shading
  • http://jimmiejohnsson84.me/pages/rendering_pbr.html
Last Updated: 8/30/2022, 10:23:04 PM
- +
Learn Wgpu

# Sources

  • https://www.scratchapixel.com/lessons/3d-basic-rendering/introduction-to-shading/diffuse-lambertian-shading
  • http://jimmiejohnsson84.me/pages/rendering_pbr.html
Last Updated: 8/30/2022, 10:22:33 PM
+ diff --git a/intermediate/tutorial10-lighting/index.html b/intermediate/tutorial10-lighting/index.html index e0d45149..b7073e15 100644 --- a/intermediate/tutorial10-lighting/index.html +++ b/intermediate/tutorial10-lighting/index.html @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ - + @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ - + @@ -639,7 +639,7 @@ let specular_color = specular_strength * light.color; let half_dir = normalize(view_dir + light_dir); let specular_strength = pow(max(dot(in.world_normal, half_dir), 0.0), 32.0); -

It's hard to tell the difference, but here are the results.

./half_dir.png

Check out the code! (opens new window)
Last Updated: 8/30/2022, 10:23:04 PM

+

It's hard to tell the difference, but here are the results.

./half_dir.png

Check out the code! (opens new window)
Last Updated: 8/30/2022, 10:22:33 PM

← →

- + diff --git a/intermediate/tutorial11-normals/index.html b/intermediate/tutorial11-normals/index.html index 7b3a6f04..0b7c905e 100644 --- a/intermediate/tutorial11-normals/index.html +++ b/intermediate/tutorial11-normals/index.html @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ - + @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ - + @@ -479,7 +479,7 @@ render_pass. &self.camera_bind_group, &self.light_bind_group, ); -

That gives us something like this.

You can find the textures I use in the Github Repository.

Check out the code! (opens new window)
Last Updated: 8/30/2022, 10:23:04 PM

+

That gives us something like this.

You can find the textures I use in the Github Repository.

Check out the code! (opens new window)
Last Updated: 8/30/2022, 10:22:33 PM

← →

- + diff --git a/intermediate/tutorial12-camera/index.html b/intermediate/tutorial12-camera/index.html index c9e33d4b..cf842913 100644 --- a/intermediate/tutorial12-camera/index.html +++ b/intermediate/tutorial12-camera/index.html @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ - + @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ - + @@ -378,7 +378,7 @@ } }); } -

With that, we should be able to move our camera wherever we want.

./screenshot.png

Check out the code! (opens new window)
Last Updated: 8/30/2022, 10:23:04 PM

+

With that, we should be able to move our camera wherever we want.

./screenshot.png

Check out the code! (opens new window)
Last Updated: 8/30/2022, 10:22:33 PM

← →

- + diff --git a/intermediate/tutorial13-terrain/index.html b/intermediate/tutorial13-terrain/index.html index bcc6ee0b..0b576033 100644 --- a/intermediate/tutorial13-terrain/index.html +++ b/intermediate/tutorial13-terrain/index.html @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ - + @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ - + @@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ fn gen_terrain( gen_terrain(global_invocation_id)

If you want learn more about workgroups check out the docs (opens new window).

TODO:

  • Note changes to create_render_pipeline
  • Mention swizzle feature for cgmath
  • Compare workgroups and workgroups sizes to nested for loops -
    • Maybe make a diagram in blender?
  • Change to camera movement speed
Last Updated: 8/30/2022, 10:23:04 PM
- +
  • Maybe make a diagram in blender?
  • Change to camera movement speed
    • Last Updated: 8/30/2022, 10:22:33 PM
    + diff --git a/news/0.12/index.html b/news/0.12/index.html index e118d353..600b83f1 100644 --- a/news/0.12/index.html +++ b/news/0.12/index.html @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ - + @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ - + @@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ I needed to do was add a padding field:

    Last Updated: 8/30/2022, 10:23:04 PM

    +if you're curious feel free to look at the repo.

    Last Updated: 8/30/2022, 10:22:33 PM

    ←

    this PR (opens new window).

    Another thing to note is that presentation modes need to match what the surface supports. You can get a list of supported modes from Surface::get_surface_modes() (opens new window).

    As always, let me know if I missed anything in the migration process. You can open an issue/submit a PR on the Learn Wgpu repo (opens new window)!

    Last Updated: 8/30/2022, 10:23:04 PM

    +

    You can explore the reasoning for the change to map_async in this PR (opens new window).

    Another thing to note is that presentation modes need to match what the surface supports. You can get a list of supported modes from Surface::get_surface_modes() (opens new window).

    As always, let me know if I missed anything in the migration process. You can open an issue/submit a PR on the Learn Wgpu repo (opens new window)!

    Last Updated: 8/30/2022, 10:22:33 PM

    ←

    # New/Recent Articles

    Last Updated: 8/30/2022, 10:23:04 PM

    +

    1. The create method on Surface takes in any struct that implements the HasRawWindow trait, instead of a RawWindowHandle. This means that the raw-window-handle = "0.3" line in Cargo.toml is no longer needed.

    I don't know if this is a change from 0.4, but you use wgpu = "0.4" line in dependencies instead of the [dependencies.wgpu] as wgpu will determine the best back end for you.

    # New/Recent Articles

    Last Updated: 8/30/2022, 10:22:33 PM

    ←

    - + diff --git a/showcase/alignment/index.html b/showcase/alignment/index.html index 1a5c6f1a..e0e9a35e 100644 --- a/showcase/alignment/index.html +++ b/showcase/alignment/index.html @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ - + @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ - + @@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ AlignOf(S) = max(AlignOfMember(S, M1), ... , AlignOfMember(S, Mn)) | = note: source type: `LightUniform` (256 bits) = note: target type: `_::{closure#0}::TypeWithoutPadding` (192 bits) -

    # Additional resources

    If you're looking for more information check out the write-up (opens new window) by @teoxoy.

    Last Updated: 8/30/2022, 10:23:04 PM

    +

    # Additional resources

    If you're looking for more information check out the write-up (opens new window) by @teoxoy.

    Last Updated: 8/30/2022, 10:22:33 PM

    ← →

    - + diff --git a/showcase/compute/index.html b/showcase/compute/index.html index ff4ffa1e..1cddf438 100644 --- a/showcase/compute/index.html +++ b/showcase/compute/index.html @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ - + @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ - + @@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ }); flat_triangle_map.extend(t_list); } -

    I ultimately decided against this method as it was more complicated, and I haven't had time to benchmark it to see if it's faster than the simple method.

    # Results

    The tangents and bitangents are now getting calculated correctly and on the GPU!

    ./results.png

    Check out the code! (opens new window)
    Last Updated: 8/30/2022, 10:23:04 PM

    +

    I ultimately decided against this method as it was more complicated, and I haven't had time to benchmark it to see if it's faster than the simple method.

    # Results

    The tangents and bitangents are now getting calculated correctly and on the GPU!

    ./results.png

    Check out the code! (opens new window)
    Last Updated: 8/30/2022, 10:22:33 PM

    ← →

    - + diff --git a/showcase/gifs/index.html b/showcase/gifs/index.html index d318db73..ad4fa666 100644 --- a/showcase/gifs/index.html +++ b/showcase/gifs/index.html @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ - + @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ - + @@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ }

    Once that's done we can pass our frames into save_gif().

    save_gif("output.gif", &mut frames, 1, texture_size as u16).unwrap();
-

    That's the gist of it. We can improve things using a texture array, and sending the draw commands all at once, but this gets the idea across. With the shader I wrote we get the following GIF.

    ./output.gif

    Check out the code! (opens new window)
    Last Updated: 8/30/2022, 10:23:04 PM

    +

    That's the gist of it. We can improve things using a texture array, and sending the draw commands all at once, but this gets the idea across. With the shader I wrote we get the following GIF.

    ./output.gif

    Check out the code! (opens new window)
    Last Updated: 8/30/2022, 10:22:33 PM

    ← →

    - + diff --git a/showcase/imgui-demo/index.html b/showcase/imgui-demo/index.html index 12d122db..ee1d988c 100644 --- a/showcase/imgui-demo/index.html +++ b/showcase/imgui-demo/index.html @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ - + @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ - + @@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ imgui.fonts< drop(pass); display.queue.submit(Some(encoder.finish())); -

    That's all there is to it. Here's a picture of the results!

    ./screenshot.png

    Check out the code! (opens new window)
    Last Updated: 8/30/2022, 10:23:04 PM
    - +

    That's all there is to it. Here's a picture of the results!

    ./screenshot.png

    Check out the code! (opens new window)
    Last Updated: 8/30/2022, 10:22:33 PM
    + diff --git a/showcase/index.html b/showcase/index.html index 57c5c32b..6ced9f65 100644 --- a/showcase/index.html +++ b/showcase/index.html @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ - + @@ -19,11 +19,11 @@ - + -
    Learn Wgpu

    # Foreword

    The articles in this section are not meant to be tutorials. They are showcases of the various things you can do with wgpu. I won't go over the specifics of creating wgpu resources, as those will be covered elsewhere. The code for these examples is still available however and will be accessible on Github.

    Last Updated: 8/30/2022, 10:23:04 PM

    +

    Learn Wgpu

    # Foreword

    The articles in this section are not meant to be tutorials. They are showcases of the various things you can do with wgpu. I won't go over the specifics of creating wgpu resources, as those will be covered elsewhere. The code for these examples is still available however and will be accessible on Github.

    Last Updated: 8/30/2022, 10:22:33 PM

    ← →

    - + diff --git a/showcase/pong/index.html b/showcase/pong/index.html index 7ef8a7d9..3dfd0927 100644 --- a/showcase/pong/index.html +++ b/showcase/pong/index.html @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ - + @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ - + @@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ naga = { version = "0.9", features = ["glsl-in", "spv-o }) .expect("Couldn't append canvas to document body."); } -

    Everything else works the same.

    # Summary

    A fun project to work on. It was overly architected, and kinda hard to make changes, but a good experience nonetheless.

    Try the code down below! (Controls currently require a keyboard.)

    Last Updated: 8/30/2022, 10:23:04 PM

    +

    Everything else works the same.

    # Summary

    A fun project to work on. It was overly architected, and kinda hard to make changes, but a good experience nonetheless.

    Try the code down below! (Controls currently require a keyboard.)

    Last Updated: 8/30/2022, 10:22:33 PM

    ← →

    - + diff --git a/showcase/threading/index.html b/showcase/threading/index.html index a0aaab6e..50d1d00b 100644 --- a/showcase/threading/index.html +++ b/showcase/threading/index.html @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ - + @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ - + @@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ }

    We've parallelized loading the meshes, and making the vertex array for them. Probably a bit overkill, but rayon should prevent us from using too many threads.

    You'll notice that we didn't use rayon for calculating the tangent, and bitangent. I tried to get it to work, but I was having trouble finding a way to do it without multiple mutable references to vertices. I don't feel like introducing a std::sync::Mutex, so I'll leave it for now.

    This is honestly a better job for a compute shader, as the model data is going to get loaded into a buffer anyway.

    # It's that easy!

    Most of the wgpu types are Send + Sync, so we can use them in threads without much trouble. It was so easy, that I feel like this tutorial is too short! I'll just leave off with a speed comparison between the previous model loading code and the current code.

    Elapsed (Original): 309.596382ms
 Elapsed (Threaded): 199.645027ms
-

    We're not loading that many resources, so the speedup is minimal. We'll be doing more stuff with threading, but this is a good introduction.

    Check out the code! (opens new window)
    Last Updated: 8/30/2022, 10:23:04 PM
    - +

    We're not loading that many resources, so the speedup is minimal. We'll be doing more stuff with threading, but this is a good introduction.

    Check out the code! (opens new window)
    Last Updated: 8/30/2022, 10:22:33 PM
    + diff --git a/showcase/windowless/index.html b/showcase/windowless/index.html index 21ba20e4..3c61e92a 100644 --- a/showcase/windowless/index.html +++ b/showcase/windowless/index.html @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ - + @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ - + @@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ output_buffer.fn main() { pollster::block_on(run()); } -

    With all that you should have an image like this.

    a brown triangle

    Check out the code! (opens new window)
    Last Updated: 8/30/2022, 10:23:04 PM

    +

    With all that you should have an image like this.

    a brown triangle

    Check out the code! (opens new window)
    Last Updated: 8/30/2022, 10:22:33 PM

    ←

    - + +