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It's very basic, but it should be a good starting point.")])]),e._v(" "),s("p",[e._v('Now in the headline I mentioned a "Content Freeze". Wgpu is still a moving target. The migration from '),s("code",[e._v("0.4")]),e._v(" to "),s("code",[e._v("0.5")]),e._v(" was lot of work. The same goes for "),s("code",[e._v("0.5")]),e._v(" to "),s("code",[e._v("0.6")]),e._v(". I'm expected the next migration to be just as much work. As such, I won't be added much content until the API becomes a bit more stable. That being said, I still plan on resolving any issues with the content.")]),e._v(" "),s("p",[e._v("One more thing. This is actually quite awkward for me (especially since I'll be slowing down development), but I've started a "),s("a",{attrs:{href:"https://www.patreon.com/sotrh",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("patreon"),s("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(". My job doesn't give me a ton of hours, so things are a bit tight. 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I won't get into the nitty gritty, but you can checkout the "),s("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/sotrh/learn-wgpu/pull/90",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("pull request"),s("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" if you're interested.")]),e._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"added-pong-showcase"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#added-pong-showcase"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Added Pong Showcase")]),e._v(" "),s("p",[s("RouterLink",{attrs:{to:"/showcase/pong/"}},[e._v("See it here")])],1),e._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"normal-mapping"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#normal-mapping"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Normal mapping")]),e._v(" "),s("p",[e._v('My perfectionism got in my way a bit with this one. I wasn\'t sure that what I was getting was "physically accurate", but it seems to look good.')]),e._v(" "),s("p",[s("img",{attrs:{src:a(237),alt:""}})]),e._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"_0-5"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#_0-5"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" 0.5!")]),e._v(" "),s("p",[e._v("Too many things changed to make note of them here. Check out "),s("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/sotrh/learn-wgpu/pull/29",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("the 0.5 pull request"),s("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" if you're curious about specifics. That being said, 2 things are worth mentioning directly: the y-axis now points up like with DirectX and Metal, and requesting an adapter and creating a device now use "),s("code",[e._v("Future")]),e._v("s. The tutorials have been updated as well as the code.")]),e._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"reworked-lighting-tutorial"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#reworked-lighting-tutorial"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Reworked lighting tutorial")]),e._v(" "),s("p",[e._v("The "),s("RouterLink",{attrs:{to:"/intermediate/tutorial10-lighting/"}},[e._v("lighting tutorial")]),e._v(" was not up to par, so I redid it.")],1),e._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"added-gif-showcase"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#added-gif-showcase"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Added GIF showcase")]),e._v(" "),s("p",[s("RouterLink",{attrs:{to:"/showcase/gifs/"}},[e._v("Creating GIFs")])],1),e._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"updated-texture-tutorials"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#updated-texture-tutorials"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Updated texture tutorials")]),e._v(" "),s("p",[e._v("Up to this point, we created textures manually everytime. I've pulled out the texture creation code into a new "),s("code",[e._v("texture.rs")]),e._v(" file and included it every tutorial from the "),s("RouterLink",{attrs:{to:"/beginner/tutorial5-textures/#cleaning-things-up"}},[e._v("textures tutorial")]),e._v(" onward.")],1),e._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"fixed-panics-do-to-not-specifying-the-correct-usage"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#fixed-panics-do-to-not-specifying-the-correct-usage"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Fixed panics do to not specifying the correct "),s("code",[e._v("usage")])]),e._v(" "),s("p",[e._v("Wgpu has become more strict about what "),s("code",[e._v("BufferUsage")]),e._v("s and "),s("code",[e._v("TextureUsage")]),e._v("s are required when performing certain operations. 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Since "),s("code",[e._v("ScaleFactorChanged")]),e._v(" passes in the windows new "),s("code",[e._v("PhysicalSize")]),e._v(", we can simply use "),s("code",[e._v("resize()")]),e._v(".")]),e._v(" "),s("li",[s("code",[e._v("State::size")]),e._v(" is now "),s("code",[e._v("PhysicalSize")]),e._v(" instead of the pre 0.20 "),s("code",[e._v("LogicalSize")]),e._v(".")]),e._v(" "),s("li",[s("code",[e._v("EventsCleared")]),e._v(" is now "),s("code",[e._v("MainEventsCleared")]),e._v(".")])]),e._v(" "),s("p",[e._v("I may have missed a change, but I made sure that all the examples compile an run, so if you have trouble with your code you can use them as a reference.")]),e._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"changed-tutorial-examples-to-use-a-src-directory"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#changed-tutorial-examples-to-use-a-src-directory"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Changed tutorial examples to use a src directory")]),e._v(" "),s("p",[e._v("I wasn't using the traditional cargo binary folder setup. I've changed it to the standardized form now.")]),e._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"updating-to-0-4-from-0-3"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#updating-to-0-4-from-0-3"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Updating to 0.4 from 0.3")]),e._v(" "),s("p",[e._v("There are a few things that have changed:")]),e._v(" "),s("ol",[s("li",[e._v("The use of "),s("code",[e._v("Instance")]),e._v(" has been removed. 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Because of this change, submitting "),s("code",[e._v("CommandBuffer")]),e._v("s to the queue uses the "),s("code",[e._v("submit")]),e._v(" method on the "),s("code",[e._v("Queue")]),e._v(" directly.")])]),e._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"language-rust extra-class"},[s("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-rust"}},[s("code",[s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[e._v("self")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(".")]),e._v("queue"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(".")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[e._v("submit")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v("&")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("[")]),e._v("\n encoder"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(".")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[e._v("finish")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(")")]),e._v("\n"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("]")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(")")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(";")]),e._v("\n")])])]),s("ol",{attrs:{start:"3"}},[s("li",[e._v("The "),s("code",[e._v("create")]),e._v(" method on "),s("code",[e._v("Surface")]),e._v(" takes in any struct that implements the "),s("code",[e._v("HasRawWindow")]),e._v(" trait, instead of a "),s("code",[e._v("RawWindowHandle")]),e._v(". 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I'll keep an example of how to use GLSL (and maybe add HLSL and Metal as well), but I'm going to use WGSL from now on.")]),e._v(" "),s("h3",{attrs:{id:"shaderc-has-been-removed"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#shaderc-has-been-removed"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Shaderc has been removed")]),e._v(" "),s("p",[e._v("I've been thinking about doing this for a while now. Because shaderc is a c library, it often has to be redownloaded during builds. This has been slowing down my ability to add new content and maintain old content. I had been considering switching to naga earlier, but some of my shaders (notably the lighting ones) weren't compiling with naga as I was using features not available for compatibility reasons ("),s("code",[e._v("inverse")]),e._v(" is not available in all languages targeting spirv).")]),e._v(" "),s("p",[e._v("Since I needed to make a bunch of changes to the code base to make the glsl, and because I wanted to switch the tutorial to WGSL anyways, I decided to bite the bullet and recode everything in WGSL and remove shaderc from the tutorials.")]),e._v(" "),s("h3",{attrs:{id:"some-of-the-showcase-examples-are-broken"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#some-of-the-showcase-examples-are-broken"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Some of the showcase examples are broken")]),e._v(" "),s("p",[e._v("The "),s("code",[e._v("wgpu_glyph")]),e._v(", and "),s("code",[e._v("imgui-wgpu")]),e._v(" crates currently depend on "),s("code",[e._v("wgpu")]),e._v(" 0.7, which is causing the "),s("code",[e._v("pong")]),e._v(" and "),s("code",[e._v("imgui-demo")]),e._v(" to not compile. I decided to excluded them from the workspace until the underlying crates update to using "),s("code",[e._v("wgpu")]),e._v(" 0.8. (Feel free to submit a issue or even PR when that happens!)")]),e._v(" "),s("h3",{attrs:{id:"various-api-changes"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#various-api-changes"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Various API changes")]),e._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[e._v("The "),s("code",[e._v("depth")]),e._v(" field is now "),s("code",[e._v("depth_or_array_layers")])]),e._v(" "),s("li",[s("code",[e._v("wgpu::VertexFormat::Float3")]),e._v(" is now "),s("code",[e._v("wgpu::VertexFormat::Float32x3")]),e._v(". Similar things apply to "),s("code",[e._v("Float2")]),e._v(" and "),s("code",[e._v("Float4")])]),e._v(" "),s("li",[s("code",[e._v("CullMode")]),e._v(" is no longer a thing, instead "),s("code",[e._v("PrimitiveState::cull_mode")]),e._v(" will require an "),s("code",[e._v("Option")])]),e._v(" "),s("li",[e._v("Added "),s("code",[e._v("clamp_depth")]),e._v(" and "),s("code",[e._v("conservative")]),e._v(" to "),s("code",[e._v("PrimitiveState")]),e._v(". 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Most other things have not changed. You can check out the "),s("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/sotrh/learn-wgpu/pull/140",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("0.9 PR"),s("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" for the full details.")]),e._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"november-2020-cleanup-content-freeze-and-patreon"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#november-2020-cleanup-content-freeze-and-patreon"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" November 2020 Cleanup, Content Freeze, and Patreon")]),e._v(" "),s("p",[e._v("School is starting to ramp up, so I haven't had as much time to work on the site as I would like to. Because of that there were some issues piling up. I decided to tackle a bunch of them in one go. Here's a snapshot of what I did:")]),e._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[e._v("The tutorial now handles "),s("code",[e._v("SwapChainError")]),e._v(" properly")]),e._v(" "),s("li",[e._v("I'm now using bytemuck's derive feature on all buffer data structs.")]),e._v(" "),s("li",[e._v("The "),s("a",{attrs:{href:"../beginner/tutorial7-instancing"}},[e._v("instancing tutorial")]),e._v(" now uses vertex buffers instead of storage buffers.")]),e._v(" "),s("li",[s("code",[e._v("build.rs")]),e._v(" now updates when individual shaders are changed, not whenever "),s("code",[e._v("/src")]),e._v(" is changed.")]),e._v(" "),s("li",[e._v("Had some help from Github user @kanerogers to clean up the "),s("a",{attrs:{href:"../beginner/tutorial5-textures"}},[e._v("texturing tutorial")]),e._v(".")]),e._v(" "),s("li",[e._v("I made a "),s("a",{attrs:{href:"../showcase/compute"}},[e._v("compute pipeline showcase")]),e._v(" that computes the tangent and bitangent for each vertex in a model.")]),e._v(" "),s("li",[e._v("I made a "),s("a",{attrs:{href:"../showcase/imgui-demo"}},[e._v("imgui showcase")]),e._v(". It's very basic, but it should be a good starting point.")])]),e._v(" "),s("p",[e._v('Now in the headline I mentioned a "Content Freeze". Wgpu is still a moving target. The migration from '),s("code",[e._v("0.4")]),e._v(" to "),s("code",[e._v("0.5")]),e._v(" was lot of work. The same goes for "),s("code",[e._v("0.5")]),e._v(" to "),s("code",[e._v("0.6")]),e._v(". I'm expected the next migration to be just as much work. As such, I won't be added much content until the API becomes a bit more stable. That being said, I still plan on resolving any issues with the content.")]),e._v(" "),s("p",[e._v("One more thing. This is actually quite awkward for me (especially since I'll be slowing down development), but I've started a "),s("a",{attrs:{href:"https://www.patreon.com/sotrh",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("patreon"),s("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(". My job doesn't give me a ton of hours, so things are a bit tight. You are by no means obligated to donate, but I would appreciate it.")]),e._v(" "),s("p",[e._v("You can find out more about contributing to this project on the "),s("RouterLink",{attrs:{to:"/#contribution-and-support"}},[e._v("introduction page")])],1),e._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"_0-6"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#_0-6"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" 0.6")]),e._v(" "),s("p",[e._v("This took me way too long. The changes weren't difficult, but I had to do a lot of copy pasting. The main changes are using "),s("code",[e._v("queue.write_buffer()")]),e._v(" and "),s("code",[e._v("queue.write_texture()")]),e._v(" everywhere. I won't get into the nitty gritty, but you can checkout the "),s("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/sotrh/learn-wgpu/pull/90",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("pull request"),s("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" if you're interested.")]),e._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"added-pong-showcase"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#added-pong-showcase"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Added Pong Showcase")]),e._v(" "),s("p",[s("RouterLink",{attrs:{to:"/showcase/pong/"}},[e._v("See it here")])],1),e._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"normal-mapping"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#normal-mapping"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Normal mapping")]),e._v(" "),s("p",[e._v('My perfectionism got in my way a bit with this one. I wasn\'t sure that what I was getting was "physically accurate", but it seems to look good.')]),e._v(" "),s("p",[s("img",{attrs:{src:a(237),alt:""}})]),e._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"_0-5"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#_0-5"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" 0.5!")]),e._v(" "),s("p",[e._v("Too many things changed to make note of them here. Check out "),s("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/sotrh/learn-wgpu/pull/29",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("the 0.5 pull request"),s("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(" if you're curious about specifics. That being said, 2 things are worth mentioning directly: the y-axis now points up like with DirectX and Metal, and requesting an adapter and creating a device now use "),s("code",[e._v("Future")]),e._v("s. The tutorials have been updated as well as the code.")]),e._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"reworked-lighting-tutorial"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#reworked-lighting-tutorial"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Reworked lighting tutorial")]),e._v(" "),s("p",[e._v("The "),s("RouterLink",{attrs:{to:"/intermediate/tutorial10-lighting/"}},[e._v("lighting tutorial")]),e._v(" was not up to par, so I redid it.")],1),e._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"added-gif-showcase"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#added-gif-showcase"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Added GIF showcase")]),e._v(" "),s("p",[s("RouterLink",{attrs:{to:"/showcase/gifs/"}},[e._v("Creating GIFs")])],1),e._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"updated-texture-tutorials"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#updated-texture-tutorials"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Updated texture tutorials")]),e._v(" "),s("p",[e._v("Up to this point, we created textures manually everytime. I've pulled out the texture creation code into a new "),s("code",[e._v("texture.rs")]),e._v(" file and included it every tutorial from the "),s("RouterLink",{attrs:{to:"/beginner/tutorial5-textures/#cleaning-things-up"}},[e._v("textures tutorial")]),e._v(" onward.")],1),e._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"fixed-panics-do-to-not-specifying-the-correct-usage"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#fixed-panics-do-to-not-specifying-the-correct-usage"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Fixed panics do to not specifying the correct "),s("code",[e._v("usage")])]),e._v(" "),s("p",[e._v("Wgpu has become more strict about what "),s("code",[e._v("BufferUsage")]),e._v("s and "),s("code",[e._v("TextureUsage")]),e._v("s are required when performing certain operations. For example int the "),s("RouterLink",{attrs:{to:"/intermediate/windowless/"}},[e._v("Wgpu without a window example")]),e._v(", the "),s("code",[e._v("texture_desc")]),e._v(" only specified the usage to by "),s("code",[e._v("COPY_SRC")]),e._v(". This caused a crash when the "),s("code",[e._v("texture")]),e._v(" was used as a render target. Adding "),s("code",[e._v("OUTPUT_ATTACHMENT")]),e._v(" fixed the issue.")],1),e._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"updating-winit-from-0-20-0-alpha5-to-0-20"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#updating-winit-from-0-20-0-alpha5-to-0-20"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Updating Winit from 0.20.0-alpha5 to 0.20")]),e._v(" "),s("p",[e._v("There were a lot of small changes to how the dpi stuff works. You can see all the changes "),s("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("in the changelog"),s("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(". That means that some of the tutorials had to change.")]),e._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[e._v("I've removed "),s("code",[e._v("hidpi_factor")]),e._v(" from "),s("code",[e._v("State")]),e._v(" entirely. They removed the "),s("code",[e._v("hidpi_factor()")]),e._v(" method from "),s("code",[e._v("winit::window::Window")]),e._v(", and changed "),s("code",[e._v("inner_size()")]),e._v(" to return "),s("code",[e._v("PhysicalSize")]),e._v(" instead of "),s("code",[e._v("LogicalSize")]),e._v(", so we don't need to store the "),s("code",[e._v("hidpi_factor")]),e._v(" anymore.")]),e._v(" "),s("li",[s("code",[e._v("update_hidpi_and_resize")]),e._v(" is no more. Since "),s("code",[e._v("ScaleFactorChanged")]),e._v(" passes in the windows new "),s("code",[e._v("PhysicalSize")]),e._v(", we can simply use "),s("code",[e._v("resize()")]),e._v(".")]),e._v(" "),s("li",[s("code",[e._v("State::size")]),e._v(" is now "),s("code",[e._v("PhysicalSize")]),e._v(" instead of the pre 0.20 "),s("code",[e._v("LogicalSize")]),e._v(".")]),e._v(" "),s("li",[s("code",[e._v("EventsCleared")]),e._v(" is now "),s("code",[e._v("MainEventsCleared")]),e._v(".")])]),e._v(" "),s("p",[e._v("I may have missed a change, but I made sure that all the examples compile an run, so if you have trouble with your code you can use them as a reference.")]),e._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"changed-tutorial-examples-to-use-a-src-directory"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#changed-tutorial-examples-to-use-a-src-directory"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Changed tutorial examples to use a src directory")]),e._v(" "),s("p",[e._v("I wasn't using the traditional cargo binary folder setup. I've changed it to the standardized form now.")]),e._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"updating-to-0-4-from-0-3"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#updating-to-0-4-from-0-3"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Updating to 0.4 from 0.3")]),e._v(" "),s("p",[e._v("There are a few things that have changed:")]),e._v(" "),s("ol",[s("li",[e._v("The use of "),s("code",[e._v("Instance")]),e._v(" has been removed. Creating a "),s("code",[e._v("Surface")]),e._v(" and requesting an "),s("code",[e._v("Adapter")]),e._v(" are done as follows.")])]),e._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"language-rust extra-class"},[s("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-rust"}},[s("code",[s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[e._v("let")]),e._v(" surface "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v("=")]),e._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token namespace"}},[e._v("wgpu"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("::")])]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[e._v("Surface")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("::")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[e._v("create")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("(")]),e._v("window"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(")")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(";")]),e._v("\n"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[e._v("let")]),e._v(" adapter "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v("=")]),e._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token namespace"}},[e._v("wgpu"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("::")])]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[e._v("Adapter")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("::")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[e._v("request")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v("&")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token namespace"}},[e._v("wgpu"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("::")])]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[e._v("RequestAdapterOptions")]),e._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("{")]),e._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("..")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[e._v("Default")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("::")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[e._v("default")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(")")]),e._v("\n"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("}")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(")")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(".")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[e._v("unwrap")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(")")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(";")]),e._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[e._v("// needs to be unwrapped")]),e._v("\n")])])]),s("ol",{attrs:{start:"2"}},[s("li",[e._v("The "),s("code",[e._v("request_device")]),e._v(" method now returns a "),s("code",[e._v("(Device, Queue)")]),e._v(" tuple. This means that you can borrow the "),s("code",[e._v("Queue")]),e._v(" mutably while using the "),s("code",[e._v("Device")]),e._v(" immutably. Because of this change, submitting "),s("code",[e._v("CommandBuffer")]),e._v("s to the queue uses the "),s("code",[e._v("submit")]),e._v(" method on the "),s("code",[e._v("Queue")]),e._v(" directly.")])]),e._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"language-rust extra-class"},[s("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-rust"}},[s("code",[s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[e._v("self")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(".")]),e._v("queue"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(".")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[e._v("submit")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[e._v("&")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("[")]),e._v("\n encoder"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(".")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[e._v("finish")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(")")]),e._v("\n"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v("]")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(")")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[e._v(";")]),e._v("\n")])])]),s("ol",{attrs:{start:"3"}},[s("li",[e._v("The "),s("code",[e._v("create")]),e._v(" method on "),s("code",[e._v("Surface")]),e._v(" takes in any struct that implements the "),s("code",[e._v("HasRawWindow")]),e._v(" trait, instead of a "),s("code",[e._v("RawWindowHandle")]),e._v(". 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Regardless, let's get into the postmortem.")]),A._v(" "),a("h2",{attrs:{id:"the-architecture"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#the-architecture"}},[A._v("#")]),A._v(" The Architecture")]),A._v(" "),a("p",[A._v("I was messing around with separating state from the render code. It ended up similar to an entity component system.")]),A._v(" "),a("p",[A._v("I had a "),a("code",[A._v("State")]),A._v(" class with all of the objects in the scene. This included the ball and the paddles, as well as the text for the scores and even the menu. 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That's why you can see in areas that are in shadow. Actually modeling this interaction is computationally expensive, so we cheat. We define an ambient lighting value that stands in for the light bouncing of other parts of the scene to light our objects.")]),t._v(" "),n("p",[t._v("The ambient part is based on the light color as well as the object color. We've already added our "),n("code",[t._v("light_bind_group")]),t._v(", so we just need to use it in our shader. In "),n("code",[t._v("shader.wgsl")]),t._v(", add the following below the texture uniforms.")]),t._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-wgsl extra-class"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[t._v("[[block]]\nstruct Light {\n position: vec3;\n color: vec3;\n};\n[[group(2), binding(0)]]\nvar light: Light;\n")])])]),n("p",[t._v("Then we need to update our main shader code to calculate and use the ambient color value.")]),t._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-wgsl extra-class"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[t._v("[[stage(fragment)]]\nfn main(in: VertexOutput) -> [[location(0)]] vec4 {\n let object_color: vec4 = textureSample(t_diffuse, s_diffuse, in.tex_coords);\n \n // We don't need (or want) much ambient light, so 0.1 is fine\n let ambient_strength = 0.1;\n let ambient_color = light.color * ambient_strength;\n\n let result = ambient_color * object_color.xyz;\n\n return vec4(result, object_color.a);\n}\n")])])]),n("p",[t._v("With that we should get something like the this.")]),t._v(" "),n("p",[n("img",{attrs:{src:a(217),alt:"./ambient_lighting.png"}})]),t._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"diffuse-lighting"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#diffuse-lighting"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Diffuse Lighting")]),t._v(" "),n("p",[t._v("Remember the normal vectors that were included with our model? We're finally going to use them. Normals represent the direction a surface is facing. By comparing the normal of a fragment with a vector pointing to a light source, we get a value of how light/dark that fragment should be. We compare the vector using the dot product to get the cosine of the angle between them.")]),t._v(" "),n("p",[n("img",{attrs:{src:a(218),alt:"./normal_diagram.png"}})]),t._v(" "),n("p",[t._v("If the dot product of the normal and light vector is 1.0, that means that the current fragment is directly inline with the light source and will receive the lights full intensity. A value of 0.0 or lower means that the surface is perpendicular or facing away from the light, and therefore will be dark.")]),t._v(" "),n("p",[t._v("We're going to need to pull in the normal vector into our "),n("code",[t._v("shader.wgsl")]),t._v(".")]),t._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-wgsl extra-class"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[t._v("struct VertexInput {\n [[location(0)]] position: vec3;\n [[location(1)]] tex_coords: vec2;\n [[location(2)]] normal: vec3; // NEW!\n};\n")])])]),n("p",[t._v("We're also going to want to pass that value, as well as the vertex's position to the fragment shader.")]),t._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-wgsl extra-class"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[t._v("struct VertexOutput {\n [[builtin(position)]] clip_position: vec4;\n [[location(0)]] tex_coords: vec2;\n [[location(1)]] world_normal: vec3;\n [[location(2)]] world_position: vec3;\n};\n")])])]),n("p",[t._v("For now let's just pass the normal directly as is. This is wrong, but we'll fix it later.")]),t._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-wgsl extra-class"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[t._v("[[stage(vertex)]]\nfn main(\n model: VertexInput,\n instance: InstanceInput,\n) -> VertexOutput {\n let model_matrix = mat4x4(\n instance.model_matrix_0,\n instance.model_matrix_1,\n instance.model_matrix_2,\n instance.model_matrix_3,\n );\n var out: VertexOutput;\n out.tex_coords = model.tex_coords;\n out.world_normal = model.normal;\n var world_position: vec4 = model_matrix * vec4(model.position, 1.0);\n out.world_position = world_position.xyz;\n out.clip_position = camera.view_proj * world_position;\n return out;\n}\n")])])]),n("p",[t._v("With that we can do the actual calculation. Below the "),n("code",[t._v("ambient_color")]),t._v(" calculation, but above "),n("code",[t._v("result")]),t._v(", add the following.")]),t._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-wgsl extra-class"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[t._v("let light_dir = normalize(light.position - in.world_position);\n\nlet diffuse_strength = max(dot(in.world_normal, light_dir), 0.0);\nlet diffuse_color = light.color * diffuse_strength;\n")])])]),n("p",[t._v("Now we can include the "),n("code",[t._v("diffuse_color")]),t._v(" in the "),n("code",[t._v("result")]),t._v(".")]),t._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-wgsl extra-class"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[t._v("let result = (ambient_color + diffuse_color) * object_color.xyz;\n")])])]),n("p",[t._v("With that we get something like this.")]),t._v(" "),n("p",[n("img",{attrs:{src:a(219),alt:"./ambient_diffuse_wrong.png"}})]),t._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"the-normal-matrix"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#the-normal-matrix"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" The normal matrix")]),t._v(" "),n("p",[t._v("Remember when I said passing the vertex normal directly to the fragment shader was wrong? Let's explore that by removing all the cubes from the scene except one that will be rotated 180 degrees on the y-axis.")]),t._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-rust extra-class"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-rust"}},[n("code",[n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("const")]),t._v(" "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token constant"}},[t._v("NUM_INSTANCES_PER_ROW")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("u32")]),t._v(" "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("=")]),t._v(" "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[t._v("1")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n\n"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// In the loop we create the instances in")]),t._v("\n"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("let")]),t._v(" rotation "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("=")]),t._v(" "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token namespace"}},[t._v("cgmath"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("::")])]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("Quaternion")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("::")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("from_axis_angle")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[t._v("0.0")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v(" "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[t._v("1.0")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v(" "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[t._v("0.0")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("into")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v(" "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token namespace"}},[t._v("cgmath"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("::")])]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("Deg")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[t._v("180.0")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n")])])]),n("p",[t._v("We'll also remove the "),n("code",[t._v("ambient_color")]),t._v(" from our lighting "),n("code",[t._v("result")]),t._v(".")]),t._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-wgsl extra-class"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[t._v("let result = (diffuse_color) * object_color.xyz;\n")])])]),n("p",[t._v("That should give us something that looks like this.")]),t._v(" "),n("p",[n("img",{attrs:{src:a(220),alt:"./diffuse_wrong.png"}})]),t._v(" "),n("p",[t._v("This is clearly wrong as the light is illuminating the wrong side of the cube. 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extra-class"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[t._v("struct InstanceInput {\n [[location(5)]] model_matrix_0: vec4;\n [[location(6)]] model_matrix_1: vec4;\n [[location(7)]] model_matrix_2: vec4;\n [[location(8)]] model_matrix_3: vec4;\n // NEW!\n [[location(9)]] normal_matrix_0: vec3;\n [[location(10)]] normal_matrix_1: vec3;\n [[location(11)]] normal_matrix_2: vec3;\n};\n\nstruct VertexOutput {\n [[builtin(position)]] clip_position: vec4;\n [[location(0)]] tex_coords: vec2;\n [[location(1)]] world_normal: vec3;\n [[location(2)]] world_position: vec3;\n};\n\n[[stage(vertex)]]\nfn main(\n model: VertexInput,\n instance: InstanceInput,\n) -> VertexOutput {\n let model_matrix = mat4x4(\n instance.model_matrix_0,\n instance.model_matrix_1,\n instance.model_matrix_2,\n instance.model_matrix_3,\n );\n // NEW!\n let normal_matrix = mat3x3(\n instance.normal_matrix_0,\n instance.normal_matrix_1,\n instance.normal_matrix_2,\n );\n var out: VertexOutput;\n out.tex_coords = model.tex_coords;\n out.world_normal = normal_matrix * model.normal;\n var world_position: vec4 = model_matrix * vec4(model.position, 1.0);\n out.world_position = world_position.xyz;\n out.clip_position = camera.view_proj * world_position;\n return out;\n}\n")])])]),n("div",{staticClass:"note"},[n("p",[t._v("I'm currently doing things in "),n("a",{attrs:{href:"https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/questions/65783/what-are-world-space-and-eye-space-in-game-development",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("world space"),n("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(". Doing things in view-space also known as eye-space, is more standard as objects can have lighting issues when they are further away from the origin. If we wanted to use view-space, we would have include the rotation due to the view matrix as well. We'd also have to transform our light's position using something like "),n("code",[t._v("view_matrix * model_matrix * light_position")]),t._v(" to keep the calculation from getting messed up when the camera moves.")]),t._v(" "),n("p",[t._v("There are advantages to using view space. The main one is when you have massive worlds doing lighting and other calculations in model spacing can cause issues as floating point precision degrades when numbers get really large. View space keeps the camera at the origin meaning all calculations will be using smaller numbers. The actual lighting math ends up the same, but it does require a bit more setup.")])]),t._v(" "),n("p",[t._v("With that change our lighting now looks correct.")]),t._v(" "),n("p",[n("img",{attrs:{src:a(222),alt:"./diffuse_right.png"}})]),t._v(" "),n("p",[t._v("Bringing back our other objects, and adding the ambient lighting gives us this.")]),t._v(" "),n("p",[n("img",{attrs:{src:a(223),alt:"./ambient_diffuse_lighting.png"}}),t._v(";")]),t._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"specular-lighting"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#specular-lighting"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Specular Lighting")]),t._v(" "),n("p",[t._v("Specular lighting describes the highlights that appear on objects when viewed from certain angles. If you've ever looked at a car, it's the super bright parts. Basically, some of the light can reflect of the surface like a mirror. The location of the hightlight shifts depending on what angle you view it at.")]),t._v(" "),n("p",[n("img",{attrs:{src:a(224),alt:"./specular_diagram.png"}})]),t._v(" "),n("p",[t._v("Because this is relative to the view angle, we are going to need to pass in the camera's position both into the fragment shader and into the vertex shader.")]),t._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-wgsl extra-class"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[t._v("[[block]]\nstruct Camera {\n view_pos: vec4;\n view_proj: mat4x4;\n};\n[[group(1), binding(0)]]\nvar camera: Camera;\n")])])]),n("div",{staticClass:"note"},[n("p",[t._v("Don't forget to update the "),n("code",[t._v("Camera")]),t._v(" struct in "),n("code",[t._v("light.wgsl")]),t._v(" as well, as if it doesn't match the "),n("code",[t._v("CameraUniform")]),t._v(" struct in rust, the light will render wrong.")])]),t._v(" "),n("p",[t._v("We're going to need to update the "),n("code",[t._v("CameraUniform")]),t._v(" struct as 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The Blinn part of Blinn-Phong comes from the realization that if you add the "),n("code",[t._v("view_dir")]),t._v(", and "),n("code",[t._v("light_dir")]),t._v(" together, normalize the result and use the dot product of that and the "),n("code",[t._v("normal")]),t._v(", you get roughly the same results without the issues that using "),n("code",[t._v("reflect_dir")]),t._v(" had.")]),t._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-wgsl extra-class"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[t._v("let view_dir = normalize(camera.view_pos.xyz - in.world_position);\nlet half_dir = normalize(view_dir + light_dir);\n\nlet specular_strength = pow(max(dot(in.world_normal, half_dir), 0.0), 32.0);\n")])])]),n("p",[t._v("It's hard to tell the difference, but here's the results.")]),t._v(" "),n("p",[n("img",{attrs:{src:a(227),alt:"./half_dir.png"}})]),t._v(" "),n("AutoGithubLink")],1)}),[],!1,null,null,null);s.default=e.exports}}]); \ No newline at end of file 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That's why you can see in areas that are in shadow. Actually modeling this interaction is computationally expensive, so we cheat. We define an ambient lighting value that stands in for the light bouncing of other parts of the scene to light our objects.")]),t._v(" "),n("p",[t._v("The ambient part is based on the light color as well as the object color. We've already added our "),n("code",[t._v("light_bind_group")]),t._v(", so we just need to use it in our shader. In "),n("code",[t._v("shader.wgsl")]),t._v(", add the following below the texture uniforms.")]),t._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-wgsl extra-class"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[t._v("[[block]]\nstruct Light {\n position: vec3;\n color: vec3;\n};\n[[group(2), binding(0)]]\nvar light: Light;\n")])])]),n("p",[t._v("Then we need to update our main shader code to calculate and use the ambient color value.")]),t._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-wgsl extra-class"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[t._v("[[stage(fragment)]]\nfn main(in: VertexOutput) -> [[location(0)]] vec4 {\n let object_color: vec4 = textureSample(t_diffuse, s_diffuse, in.tex_coords);\n \n // We don't need (or want) much ambient light, so 0.1 is fine\n let ambient_strength = 0.1;\n let ambient_color = light.color * ambient_strength;\n\n let result = ambient_color * object_color.xyz;\n\n return vec4(result, object_color.a);\n}\n")])])]),n("p",[t._v("With that we should get something like the this.")]),t._v(" "),n("p",[n("img",{attrs:{src:a(217),alt:"./ambient_lighting.png"}})]),t._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"diffuse-lighting"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#diffuse-lighting"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Diffuse Lighting")]),t._v(" "),n("p",[t._v("Remember the normal vectors that were included with our model? We're finally going to use them. Normals represent the direction a surface is facing. By comparing the normal of a fragment with a vector pointing to a light source, we get a value of how light/dark that fragment should be. We compare the vector using the dot product to get the cosine of the angle between them.")]),t._v(" "),n("p",[n("img",{attrs:{src:a(218),alt:"./normal_diagram.png"}})]),t._v(" "),n("p",[t._v("If the dot product of the normal and light vector is 1.0, that means that the current fragment is directly inline with the light source and will receive the lights full intensity. A value of 0.0 or lower means that the surface is perpendicular or facing away from the light, and therefore will be dark.")]),t._v(" "),n("p",[t._v("We're going to need to pull in the normal vector into our "),n("code",[t._v("shader.wgsl")]),t._v(".")]),t._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-wgsl extra-class"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[t._v("struct VertexInput {\n [[location(0)]] position: vec3;\n [[location(1)]] tex_coords: vec2;\n [[location(2)]] normal: vec3; // NEW!\n};\n")])])]),n("p",[t._v("We're also going to want to pass that value, as well as the vertex's position to the fragment shader.")]),t._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-wgsl extra-class"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[t._v("struct VertexOutput {\n [[builtin(position)]] clip_position: vec4;\n [[location(0)]] tex_coords: vec2;\n [[location(1)]] world_normal: vec3;\n [[location(2)]] world_position: vec3;\n};\n")])])]),n("p",[t._v("For now let's just pass the normal directly as is. This is wrong, but we'll fix it later.")]),t._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-wgsl extra-class"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[t._v("[[stage(vertex)]]\nfn main(\n model: VertexInput,\n instance: InstanceInput,\n) -> VertexOutput {\n let model_matrix = mat4x4(\n instance.model_matrix_0,\n instance.model_matrix_1,\n instance.model_matrix_2,\n instance.model_matrix_3,\n );\n var out: VertexOutput;\n out.tex_coords = model.tex_coords;\n out.world_normal = model.normal;\n var world_position: vec4 = model_matrix * vec4(model.position, 1.0);\n out.world_position = world_position.xyz;\n out.clip_position = camera.view_proj * world_position;\n return out;\n}\n")])])]),n("p",[t._v("With that we can do the actual calculation. Below the "),n("code",[t._v("ambient_color")]),t._v(" calculation, but above "),n("code",[t._v("result")]),t._v(", add the following.")]),t._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-wgsl extra-class"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[t._v("let light_dir = normalize(light.position - in.world_position);\n\nlet diffuse_strength = max(dot(in.world_normal, light_dir), 0.0);\nlet diffuse_color = light.color * diffuse_strength;\n")])])]),n("p",[t._v("Now we can include the "),n("code",[t._v("diffuse_color")]),t._v(" in the "),n("code",[t._v("result")]),t._v(".")]),t._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-wgsl extra-class"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[t._v("let result = (ambient_color + diffuse_color) * object_color.xyz;\n")])])]),n("p",[t._v("With that we get something like this.")]),t._v(" "),n("p",[n("img",{attrs:{src:a(219),alt:"./ambient_diffuse_wrong.png"}})]),t._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"the-normal-matrix"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#the-normal-matrix"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" The normal matrix")]),t._v(" "),n("p",[t._v("Remember when I said passing the vertex normal directly to the fragment shader was wrong? Let's explore that by removing all the cubes from the scene except one that will be rotated 180 degrees on the y-axis.")]),t._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-rust extra-class"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-rust"}},[n("code",[n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("const")]),t._v(" "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token constant"}},[t._v("NUM_INSTANCES_PER_ROW")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("u32")]),t._v(" "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("=")]),t._v(" "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[t._v("1")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n\n"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// In the loop we create the instances in")]),t._v("\n"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("let")]),t._v(" rotation "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("=")]),t._v(" "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token namespace"}},[t._v("cgmath"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("::")])]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("Quaternion")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("::")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("from_axis_angle")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[t._v("0.0")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v(" "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[t._v("1.0")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v(" "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[t._v("0.0")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("into")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v(" "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token namespace"}},[t._v("cgmath"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("::")])]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("Deg")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[t._v("180.0")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n")])])]),n("p",[t._v("We'll also remove the "),n("code",[t._v("ambient_color")]),t._v(" from our lighting "),n("code",[t._v("result")]),t._v(".")]),t._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-wgsl extra-class"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[t._v("let result = (diffuse_color) * object_color.xyz;\n")])])]),n("p",[t._v("That should give us something that looks like this.")]),t._v(" "),n("p",[n("img",{attrs:{src:a(220),alt:"./diffuse_wrong.png"}})]),t._v(" "),n("p",[t._v("This is clearly wrong as the light is illuminating the wrong side of the cube. 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extra-class"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[t._v("struct InstanceInput {\n [[location(5)]] model_matrix_0: vec4;\n [[location(6)]] model_matrix_1: vec4;\n [[location(7)]] model_matrix_2: vec4;\n [[location(8)]] model_matrix_3: vec4;\n // NEW!\n [[location(9)]] normal_matrix_0: vec3;\n [[location(10)]] normal_matrix_1: vec3;\n [[location(11)]] normal_matrix_2: vec3;\n};\n\nstruct VertexOutput {\n [[builtin(position)]] clip_position: vec4;\n [[location(0)]] tex_coords: vec2;\n [[location(1)]] world_normal: vec3;\n [[location(2)]] world_position: vec3;\n};\n\n[[stage(vertex)]]\nfn main(\n model: VertexInput,\n instance: InstanceInput,\n) -> VertexOutput {\n let model_matrix = mat4x4(\n instance.model_matrix_0,\n instance.model_matrix_1,\n instance.model_matrix_2,\n instance.model_matrix_3,\n );\n // NEW!\n let normal_matrix = mat3x3(\n instance.normal_matrix_0,\n instance.normal_matrix_1,\n instance.normal_matrix_2,\n );\n var out: VertexOutput;\n out.tex_coords = model.tex_coords;\n out.world_normal = normal_matrix * model.normal;\n var world_position: vec4 = model_matrix * vec4(model.position, 1.0);\n out.world_position = world_position.xyz;\n out.clip_position = camera.view_proj * world_position;\n return out;\n}\n")])])]),n("div",{staticClass:"note"},[n("p",[t._v("I'm currently doing things in "),n("a",{attrs:{href:"https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/questions/65783/what-are-world-space-and-eye-space-in-game-development",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("world space"),n("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(". Doing things in view-space also known as eye-space, is more standard as objects can have lighting issues when they are further away from the origin. If we wanted to use view-space, we would have include the rotation due to the view matrix as well. We'd also have to transform our light's position using something like "),n("code",[t._v("view_matrix * model_matrix * light_position")]),t._v(" to keep the calculation from getting messed up when the camera moves.")]),t._v(" "),n("p",[t._v("There are advantages to using view space. The main one is when you have massive worlds doing lighting and other calculations in model spacing can cause issues as floating point precision degrades when numbers get really large. View space keeps the camera at the origin meaning all calculations will be using smaller numbers. The actual lighting math ends up the same, but it does require a bit more setup.")])]),t._v(" "),n("p",[t._v("With that change our lighting now looks correct.")]),t._v(" "),n("p",[n("img",{attrs:{src:a(222),alt:"./diffuse_right.png"}})]),t._v(" "),n("p",[t._v("Bringing back our other objects, and adding the ambient lighting gives us this.")]),t._v(" "),n("p",[n("img",{attrs:{src:a(223),alt:"./ambient_diffuse_lighting.png"}}),t._v(";")]),t._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"specular-lighting"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#specular-lighting"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Specular Lighting")]),t._v(" "),n("p",[t._v("Specular lighting describes the highlights that appear on objects when viewed from certain angles. If you've ever looked at a car, it's the super bright parts. Basically, some of the light can reflect of the surface like a mirror. The location of the hightlight shifts depending on what angle you view it at.")]),t._v(" "),n("p",[n("img",{attrs:{src:a(224),alt:"./specular_diagram.png"}})]),t._v(" "),n("p",[t._v("Because this is relative to the view angle, we are going to need to pass in the camera's position both into the fragment shader and into the vertex shader.")]),t._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-wgsl extra-class"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[t._v("[[block]]\nstruct Camera {\n view_pos: vec4;\n view_proj: mat4x4;\n};\n[[group(1), binding(0)]]\nvar camera: Camera;\n")])])]),n("div",{staticClass:"note"},[n("p",[t._v("Don't forget to update the "),n("code",[t._v("Camera")]),t._v(" struct in "),n("code",[t._v("light.wgsl")]),t._v(" as well, as if it doesn't match the "),n("code",[t._v("CameraUniform")]),t._v(" struct in rust, the light will render wrong.")])]),t._v(" "),n("p",[t._v("We're going to need to update the "),n("code",[t._v("CameraUniform")]),t._v(" struct as 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sampler;\n\n[[stage(fragment)]]\nfn main(in: VertexOutput) -> [[location(0)]] vec4 {\n let object_color: vec4 = textureSample(t_diffuse, s_diffuse, in.tex_coords);\n let object_normal: vec4 = textureSample(t_normal, s_normal, in.tex_coords);\n \n // We don't need (or want) much ambient light, so 0.1 is fine\n let ambient_strength = 0.1;\n let ambient_color = light.color * ambient_strength;\n\n // Create the lighting vectors\n let tangent_normal = object_normal.xyz * 2.0 - 1.0;\n\n let diffuse_strength = max(dot(tangent_normal, light_dir), 0.0);\n let diffuse_color = light.color * diffuse_strength;\n\n let specular_strength = pow(max(dot(tangent_normal, half_dir), 0.0), 32.0);\n let specular_color = specular_strength * light.color;\n\n let result = (ambient_color + diffuse_color + specular_color) * object_color.xyz;\n\n return vec4(result, object_color.a);\n}\n")])])]),n("p",[t._v("If we run the code now, you'll notice things don't look quite right. Let's compare our results with the last tutorial.")]),t._v(" "),n("p",[n("img",{attrs:{src:a(229),alt:""}}),t._v(" "),n("img",{attrs:{src:a(230),alt:""}})]),t._v(" "),n("p",[t._v("Parts of the scene are dark when they should be lit up, and vice versa.")]),t._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"tangent-space-to-world-space"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#tangent-space-to-world-space"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Tangent Space to World Space")]),t._v(" "),n("p",[t._v("I mentioned it briefly in the "),n("RouterLink",{attrs:{to:"/intermediate/tutorial10-lighting/#the-normal-matrix"}},[t._v("lighting tutorial")]),t._v(', that we were doing our lighting calculation in "world space". This meant that the entire scene was oriented with respect to the '),n("em",[t._v("world's")]),t._v(" coordinate system. When we pull the normal data from our normal texture, all the normals are in what's known as pointing roughly in the positive z direction. 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calculation to tangent space as well. We'll need to construct the tangent matrix in the vertex shader. First we need our "),n("code",[t._v("VertexInput")]),t._v(" to include the tangent and bitangents we calculated earlier.")]),t._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-wgsl extra-class"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[t._v("struct VertexInput {\n [[location(0)]] position: vec3;\n [[location(1)]] tex_coords: vec2;\n [[location(2)]] normal: vec3;\n [[location(3)]] tangent: vec3;\n [[location(4)]] bitangent: vec3;\n};\n")])])]),n("p",[t._v("Next we'll construct the "),n("code",[t._v("tangent_matrix")]),t._v(" and then transform the vertex, light and view position into tangent space.")]),t._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-wgsl extra-class"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[t._v("struct VertexOutput {\n [[builtin(position)]] clip_position: vec4;\n [[location(0)]] tex_coords: vec2;\n // UPDATED!\n [[location(1)]] tangent_position: vec3;\n [[location(2)]] tangent_light_position: vec3;\n [[location(3)]] tangent_view_position: vec3;\n};\n\n[[stage(vertex)]]\nfn main(\n model: VertexInput,\n instance: InstanceInput,\n) -> VertexOutput {\n // ...\n let normal_matrix = mat3x3(\n instance.normal_matrix_0,\n instance.normal_matrix_1,\n instance.normal_matrix_2,\n );\n\n // Construct the tangent matrix\n let world_normal = normalize(normal_matrix * model.normal);\n let world_tangent = normalize(normal_matrix * model.tangent);\n let world_bitangent = normalize(normal_matrix * model.bitangent);\n let tangent_matrix = transpose(mat3x3(\n world_tangent,\n world_bitangent,\n world_normal,\n ));\n\n let world_position = model_matrix * vec4(model.position, 1.0);\n\n var out: VertexOutput;\n out.clip_position = camera_uniform.view_proj * world_position;\n out.tex_coords = model.tex_coords;\n out.tangent_position = tangent_matrix * world_position.xyz;\n out.tangent_view_position = tangent_matrix * camera_uniform.view_pos.xyz;\n out.tangent_light_position = tangent_matrix * light.position;\n return out;\n}\n")])])]),n("p",[t._v("Finally we'll update the fragment shader to use these transformed lighting values.")]),t._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-wgsl extra-class"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[t._v("[[stage(fragment)]]\nfn main(in: VertexOutput) -> [[location(0)]] vec4 {\n // Sample textures..\n\n // Create the lighting vectors\n let tangent_normal = object_normal.xyz * 2.0 - 1.0;\n let light_dir = normalize(in.tangent_light_position - in.tangent_position);\n let view_dir = normalize(in.tangent_view_position - in.tangent_position);\n\n // Perform lighting calculations...\n}\n")])])]),n("p",[t._v("We get the following from this calculation.")]),t._v(" "),n("p",[n("img",{attrs:{src:a(232),alt:""}})]),t._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"srgb-and-normal-textures"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#srgb-and-normal-textures"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Srgb and normal textures")]),t._v(" "),n("p",[t._v("We've been using "),n("code",[t._v("Rgba8UnormSrgb")]),t._v(" for all our textures. The "),n("code",[t._v("Srgb")]),t._v(" bit specifies that we will be using "),n("a",{attrs:{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRGB",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("standard red green blue color space"),n("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(". This is also known as linear color space. Linear color space has less color density. Even so, it is often used for diffuse textures, as they are typically made in "),n("code",[t._v("Srgb")]),t._v(" color space.")]),t._v(" "),n("p",[t._v("Normal textures aren't made with "),n("code",[t._v("Srgb")]),t._v(". Using "),n("code",[t._v("Rgba8UnormSrgb")]),t._v(" can changes how the GPU samples the texture. This can make the resulting simulation "),n("a",{attrs:{href:"https://medium.com/@bgolus/generating-perfect-normal-maps-for-unity-f929e673fc57#b86c",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("less accurate"),n("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(". 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sampler;\n\n[[stage(fragment)]]\nfn main(in: VertexOutput) -> [[location(0)]] vec4 {\n let object_color: vec4 = textureSample(t_diffuse, s_diffuse, in.tex_coords);\n let object_normal: vec4 = textureSample(t_normal, s_normal, in.tex_coords);\n \n // We don't need (or want) much ambient light, so 0.1 is fine\n let ambient_strength = 0.1;\n let ambient_color = light.color * ambient_strength;\n\n // Create the lighting vectors\n let tangent_normal = object_normal.xyz * 2.0 - 1.0;\n\n let diffuse_strength = max(dot(tangent_normal, light_dir), 0.0);\n let diffuse_color = light.color * diffuse_strength;\n\n let specular_strength = pow(max(dot(tangent_normal, half_dir), 0.0), 32.0);\n let specular_color = specular_strength * light.color;\n\n let result = (ambient_color + diffuse_color + specular_color) * object_color.xyz;\n\n return vec4(result, object_color.a);\n}\n")])])]),n("p",[t._v("If we run the code now, you'll notice things don't look quite right. Let's compare our results with the last tutorial.")]),t._v(" "),n("p",[n("img",{attrs:{src:a(229),alt:""}}),t._v(" "),n("img",{attrs:{src:a(230),alt:""}})]),t._v(" "),n("p",[t._v("Parts of the scene are dark when they should be lit up, and vice versa.")]),t._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"tangent-space-to-world-space"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#tangent-space-to-world-space"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Tangent Space to World Space")]),t._v(" "),n("p",[t._v("I mentioned it briefly in the "),n("RouterLink",{attrs:{to:"/intermediate/tutorial10-lighting/#the-normal-matrix"}},[t._v("lighting tutorial")]),t._v(', that we were doing our lighting calculation in "world space". This meant that the entire scene was oriented with respect to the '),n("em",[t._v("world's")]),t._v(" coordinate system. When we pull the normal data from our normal texture, all the normals are in what's known as pointing roughly in the positive z direction. That means that our lighting calculation thinks all of the surfaces of our models are facing in roughly the same direction. This is referred to as "),n("code",[t._v("tangent space")]),t._v(".")],1),t._v(" "),n("p",[t._v("If we remember the "),n("RouterLink",{attrs:{to:"/intermediate/tutorial10-lighting/#"}},[t._v("lighting-tutorial")]),t._v(", we used the vertex normal to indicate the direction of the surface. It turns out we can use that to transform our normals from "),n("code",[t._v("tangent space")]),t._v(" into "),n("code",[t._v("world space")]),t._v(". In order to do that we need to draw from the depths of linear algebra.")],1),t._v(" "),n("p",[t._v("We can create a matrix that represents a coordinate system using 3 vectors that are perpendicular (or orthonormal) to each other. Basically we define the x, y, and z axes of our coordinate system.")]),t._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-wgsl extra-class"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[t._v("let coordinate_system = mat3x3(\n vec3(1, 0, 0), // x axis (right)\n vec3(0, 1, 0), // y axis (up)\n vec3(0, 0, 1) // z axis (forward)\n);\n")])])]),n("p",[t._v("We're going to create a matrix that will represent the coordinate space relative to our vertex normals. We're then going to use that to transform our normal map data to be in world space.")]),t._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"the-tangent-and-the-bitangent"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#the-tangent-and-the-bitangent"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" The tangent, and the bitangent")]),t._v(" "),n("p",[t._v("We have one of the 3 vectors we need, the normal. What about the others? These are the tangent, and bitangent vectors. A tangent represents any vector that is parallel with a surface (aka. doesn't intersect with it). 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calculation to tangent space as well. We'll need to construct the tangent matrix in the vertex shader. First we need our "),n("code",[t._v("VertexInput")]),t._v(" to include the tangent and bitangents we calculated earlier.")]),t._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-wgsl extra-class"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[t._v("struct VertexInput {\n [[location(0)]] position: vec3;\n [[location(1)]] tex_coords: vec2;\n [[location(2)]] normal: vec3;\n [[location(3)]] tangent: vec3;\n [[location(4)]] bitangent: vec3;\n};\n")])])]),n("p",[t._v("Next we'll construct the "),n("code",[t._v("tangent_matrix")]),t._v(" and then transform the vertex, light and view position into tangent space.")]),t._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-wgsl extra-class"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[t._v("struct VertexOutput {\n [[builtin(position)]] clip_position: vec4;\n [[location(0)]] tex_coords: vec2;\n // UPDATED!\n [[location(1)]] tangent_position: vec3;\n [[location(2)]] tangent_light_position: vec3;\n [[location(3)]] tangent_view_position: vec3;\n};\n\n[[stage(vertex)]]\nfn main(\n model: VertexInput,\n instance: InstanceInput,\n) -> VertexOutput {\n // ...\n let normal_matrix = mat3x3(\n instance.normal_matrix_0,\n instance.normal_matrix_1,\n instance.normal_matrix_2,\n );\n\n // Construct the tangent matrix\n let world_normal = normalize(normal_matrix * model.normal);\n let world_tangent = normalize(normal_matrix * model.tangent);\n let world_bitangent = normalize(normal_matrix * model.bitangent);\n let tangent_matrix = transpose(mat3x3(\n world_tangent,\n world_bitangent,\n world_normal,\n ));\n\n let world_position = model_matrix * vec4(model.position, 1.0);\n\n var out: VertexOutput;\n out.clip_position = camera_uniform.view_proj * world_position;\n out.tex_coords = model.tex_coords;\n out.tangent_position = tangent_matrix * world_position.xyz;\n out.tangent_view_position = tangent_matrix * camera_uniform.view_pos.xyz;\n out.tangent_light_position = tangent_matrix * light.position;\n return out;\n}\n")])])]),n("p",[t._v("Finally we'll update the fragment shader to use these transformed lighting values.")]),t._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-wgsl extra-class"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[t._v("[[stage(fragment)]]\nfn main(in: VertexOutput) -> [[location(0)]] vec4 {\n // Sample textures..\n\n // Create the lighting vectors\n let tangent_normal = object_normal.xyz * 2.0 - 1.0;\n let light_dir = normalize(in.tangent_light_position - in.tangent_position);\n let view_dir = normalize(in.tangent_view_position - in.tangent_position);\n\n // Perform lighting calculations...\n}\n")])])]),n("p",[t._v("We get the following from this calculation.")]),t._v(" "),n("p",[n("img",{attrs:{src:a(232),alt:""}})]),t._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"srgb-and-normal-textures"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#srgb-and-normal-textures"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Srgb and normal textures")]),t._v(" "),n("p",[t._v("We've been using "),n("code",[t._v("Rgba8UnormSrgb")]),t._v(" for all our textures. The "),n("code",[t._v("Srgb")]),t._v(" bit specifies that we will be using "),n("a",{attrs:{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRGB",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("standard red green blue color space"),n("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(". This is also known as linear color space. Linear color space has less color density. Even so, it is often used for diffuse textures, as they are typically made in "),n("code",[t._v("Srgb")]),t._v(" color space.")]),t._v(" "),n("p",[t._v("Normal textures aren't made with "),n("code",[t._v("Srgb")]),t._v(". Using "),n("code",[t._v("Rgba8UnormSrgb")]),t._v(" can changes how the GPU samples the texture. This can make the resulting simulation "),n("a",{attrs:{href:"https://medium.com/@bgolus/generating-perfect-normal-maps-for-unity-f929e673fc57#b86c",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("less accurate"),n("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(". 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Using it as a storage buffer proved less convenient. My previous code used a GLSL struct similar to my "),n("code",[t._v("ModelVertex")]),t._v(".")]),t._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-glsl extra-class"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-glsl"}},[n("code",[n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("struct")]),t._v(" "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("ModelVertex")]),t._v(" "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("\n "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("vec3")]),t._v(" position"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("vec2")]),t._v(" tex_coords"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("vec3")]),t._v(" normal"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("vec3")]),t._v(" tangent"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("vec3")]),t._v(" bitangent"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n")])])]),n("p",[t._v("At first glance, this seems just fine, but OpenGL experts would likely see a problem with the structure. Our fields aren't aligned properly to support the "),n("code",[t._v("std430")]),t._v(" alignment that storage buffers require.. I won't get into detail but you can check out the "),n("a",{attrs:{href:"/showcase/alignment"}},[t._v("alignment showcase")]),t._v(" if you want to know more. To summarize, the "),n("code",[t._v("vec2")]),t._v(" for the "),n("code",[t._v("tex_coords")]),t._v(" was messing up the byte alignment, corrupting the vertex data resulting in the following:")]),t._v(" "),n("p",[n("img",{attrs:{src:a(238),alt:"./corruption.png"}})]),t._v(" "),n("p",[t._v("I could have fixed this by adding a padding field after "),n("code",[t._v("tex_coords")]),t._v(" on the Rust side, but that would require modifying the "),n("code",[t._v("VertexBufferLayout")]),t._v(". I ended up solving this problem by using the components of the vectors directly and resulted with a struct like this:")]),t._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-glsl extra-class"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-glsl"}},[n("code",[n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("struct")]),t._v(" "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("ModelVertex")]),t._v(" "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("\n "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("float")]),t._v(" x"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v(" "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("float")]),t._v(" y"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v(" "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("float")]),t._v(" z"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("float")]),t._v(" uv"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v(" "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("float")]),t._v(" uw"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("float")]),t._v(" nx"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v(" "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("float")]),t._v(" ny"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v(" "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("float")]),t._v(" nz"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("float")]),t._v(" tx"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v(" "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("float")]),t._v(" ty"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v(" "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("float")]),t._v(" tz"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("float")]),t._v(" bx"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v(" "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("float")]),t._v(" by"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v(" "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("float")]),t._v(" bz"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n")])])]),n("p",[t._v("Since "),n("code",[t._v("std430")]),t._v(" will use the alignment of the largest element of the struct, using all floats means the struct will be aligned to 4 bytes. This is alignment matches what "),n("code",[t._v("ModelVertex")]),t._v(" uses in Rust. This was kind of a pain to work with, but it fixed the corruption issue.")]),t._v(" "),n("p",[t._v("The second problem required me to rethink how I was computing the tangent and bitangent. The previous algorithm I was using only computed the tangent and bitangent for each triangle and set all the vertices in that triangle to use the same tangent and bitangent. While this is fine in a single threaded context, the code breaks down when trying to compute the triangles in parallel. The reason is that multiple triangles can share the same vertices. This means that when we go to save the resulting tangents, we inevitably end up trying to write to the same vertex from multiple different threads which is a big no no. You can see the issue with this method below:")]),t._v(" "),n("p",[n("img",{attrs:{src:a(239),alt:"./black_triangles.png"}})]),t._v(" "),n("p",[t._v("Those black triangles were the result of multiple GPU threads trying to modify the same vertices. Looking at the data in Render Doc I could see that the tangents and bitangents were garbage numbers such as "),n("code",[t._v("NaN")]),t._v(".")]),t._v(" "),n("p",[n("img",{attrs:{src:a(240),alt:"./render_doc_output.png"}})]),t._v(" "),n("p",[t._v("While on the CPU we could introduce a synchronization primitive such as a "),n("code",[t._v("Mutex")]),t._v(" to fix this issue, AFAIK there isn't really such a thing on the GPU. Instead I decided to swap my code to work with each vertex individually. There are some hurdles with that, but those will be easier to explain in code. Let's start with the "),n("code",[t._v("main")]),t._v(" function.")]),t._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-glsl extra-class"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-glsl"}},[n("code",[n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("void")]),t._v(" "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("main")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),t._v(" "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("\n "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("uint")]),t._v(" vertexIndex "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("=")]),t._v(" gl_GlobalInvocationID"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("x"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n ModelVertex result "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("=")]),t._v(" "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("calcTangentBitangent")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),t._v("vertexIndex"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n dstVertices"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("[")]),t._v("vertexIndex"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("]")]),t._v(" "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("=")]),t._v(" result"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),t._v("\n")])])]),n("p",[t._v("We use the "),n("code",[t._v("gl_GlobalInvocationID.x")]),t._v(" to get the index of the vertex we want to compute the tangents for. I opted to put the actual calculation into it's own method. Let's take a look at that.")]),t._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-glsl extra-class"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-glsl"}},[n("code",[t._v("ModelVertex "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("calcTangentBitangent")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("uint")]),t._v(" vertexIndex"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),t._v(" "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("\n ModelVertex v "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("=")]),t._v(" srcVertices"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("[")]),t._v("vertexIndex"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("]")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n\n "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("vec3")]),t._v(" tangent "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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Using it as a storage buffer proved less convenient. 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In a single threaded context, this algorithm would end up being O(N*M). As we are utilizing the high number of threads availble to our GPU, this is less of an issue, but it still means our GPU is burning more cycles than it needs to.")]),t._v(" "),n("p",[t._v("One way I came up with to possibly improve performance is to store the index of each triangle in a hash map like structure with the vertex index as keys. 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We'd also need a second array to index the first.")]),t._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-rust extra-class"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-rust"}},[n("code",[n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("for")]),t._v(" "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),t._v("i"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v(" "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),t._v("_v"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v(" t_list"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),t._v(" "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("in")]),t._v(" triangle_map"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("iter")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("enumerate")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),t._v(" "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("\n triangle_map_indices"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("push")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("TriangleMapIndex")]),t._v(" "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v(" \n start"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" i"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v("\n len"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" t_list"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("len")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v("\n "),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n flat_triangle_map"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("extend")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),t._v("t_list"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n"),n("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),t._v("\n")])])]),n("p",[t._v("I ultimately decided against this method as it was more complicated, and I haven't had time to benchmark it to see if it's faster that the simple method.")]),t._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"results"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#results"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Results")]),t._v(" "),n("p",[t._v("The tangents and bitangents are now getting calculated correctly and on the GPU!")]),t._v(" "),n("p",[n("img",{attrs:{src:a(241),alt:"./results.png"}})]),t._v(" "),n("AutoGithubLink")],1)}),[],!1,null,null,null);s.default=e.exports}}]); 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- + diff --git a/beginner/tutorial3-pipeline/index.html b/beginner/tutorial3-pipeline/index.html index 49e45fac..9b6aeada 100644 --- a/beginner/tutorial3-pipeline/index.html +++ b/beginner/tutorial3-pipeline/index.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ - + @@ -153,6 +153,6 @@ fn main(in: VertexOutput) -> [[location(0)]] vec4<f32> { →

- + diff --git a/beginner/tutorial4-buffer/index.html b/beginner/tutorial4-buffer/index.html index aa3c9e2f..56d854af 100644 --- a/beginner/tutorial4-buffer/index.html +++ b/beginner/tutorial4-buffer/index.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ - + @@ -260,6 +260,6 @@ render_pass. →

- + diff --git a/beginner/tutorial5-textures/index.html b/beginner/tutorial5-textures/index.html index 29716781..4a3d796d 100644 --- a/beginner/tutorial5-textures/index.html +++ b/beginner/tutorial5-textures/index.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ - + @@ -406,6 +406,6 @@ fn main( →

- + diff --git a/beginner/tutorial6-uniforms/index.html b/beginner/tutorial6-uniforms/index.html index 7da31a11..c8b5e0d4 100644 --- a/beginner/tutorial6-uniforms/index.html +++ b/beginner/tutorial6-uniforms/index.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ - + @@ -328,6 +328,6 @@ fn main( →

- + diff --git a/beginner/tutorial7-instancing/index.html b/beginner/tutorial7-instancing/index.html index e2245659..bf98a610 100644 --- a/beginner/tutorial7-instancing/index.html +++ b/beginner/tutorial7-instancing/index.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ - + @@ -181,6 +181,6 @@ fn main( →

- + diff --git a/beginner/tutorial8-depth/index.html b/beginner/tutorial8-depth/index.html index 4a51262f..61f7677b 100644 --- a/beginner/tutorial8-depth/index.html +++ b/beginner/tutorial8-depth/index.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ - + @@ -109,6 +109,6 @@ →

- + diff --git a/beginner/tutorial9-models/index.html b/beginner/tutorial9-models/index.html index c2b7afac..056d50db 100644 --- a/beginner/tutorial9-models/index.html +++ b/beginner/tutorial9-models/index.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ - + @@ -361,6 +361,6 @@ render_pass. →

- + diff --git a/index.html b/index.html index 9acdc1cc..2c114045 100644 --- a/index.html +++ b/index.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ - + @@ -17,6 +17,6 @@ →

- + diff --git a/intermediate/pbr-notes.html b/intermediate/pbr-notes.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..129216e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/intermediate/pbr-notes.html @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ + + + + + + Sources | Learn Wgpu + + + + + + + + +
Learn Wgpu

# Sources

  • https://www.scratchapixel.com/lessons/3d-basic-rendering/introduction-to-shading/diffuse-lambertian-shading
  • http://jimmiejohnsson84.me/pages/rendering_pbr.html
Last Updated: 8/28/2021, 6:02:25 PM
+ + + diff --git a/intermediate/tutorial10-lighting/index.html b/intermediate/tutorial10-lighting/index.html index d09779ab..97398fb5 100644 --- a/intermediate/tutorial10-lighting/index.html +++ b/intermediate/tutorial10-lighting/index.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ - + @@ -628,6 +628,6 @@ let specular_strength = pow(max(dot(in.world_normal, half_dir), 0.0), 32.0); →

- + diff --git a/intermediate/tutorial11-normals/index.html b/intermediate/tutorial11-normals/index.html index 188606a0..594e43c6 100644 --- a/intermediate/tutorial11-normals/index.html +++ b/intermediate/tutorial11-normals/index.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ - + @@ -480,6 +480,6 @@ render_pass. →

- + diff --git a/intermediate/tutorial12-camera/index.html b/intermediate/tutorial12-camera/index.html index 04963312..fe632c94 100644 --- a/intermediate/tutorial12-camera/index.html +++ b/intermediate/tutorial12-camera/index.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ - + @@ -375,6 +375,6 @@ →

- + diff --git a/intermediate/tutorial13-threading/index.html b/intermediate/tutorial13-threading/index.html index 942fad18..72be1caf 100644 --- a/intermediate/tutorial13-threading/index.html +++ b/intermediate/tutorial13-threading/index.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ - + @@ -108,6 +108,6 @@ Elapsed (Threaded): 199.645027ms →

- + diff --git a/news/index.html b/news/index.html index efd2a306..712ee196 100644 --- a/news/index.html +++ b/news/index.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ - + @@ -24,6 +24,6 @@

- + diff --git a/showcase/alignment/index.html b/showcase/alignment/index.html index 83345cca..48957111 100644 --- a/showcase/alignment/index.html +++ b/showcase/alignment/index.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ - + @@ -23,6 +23,6 @@ →

- + diff --git a/showcase/compute/index.html b/showcase/compute/index.html index 8572f9ae..1b682dab 100644 --- a/showcase/compute/index.html +++ b/showcase/compute/index.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ - + @@ -122,6 +122,6 @@ →

- + diff --git a/showcase/gifs/index.html b/showcase/gifs/index.html index 13005a61..face6aaf 100644 --- a/showcase/gifs/index.html +++ b/showcase/gifs/index.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ - + @@ -149,6 +149,6 @@ →

- + diff --git a/showcase/imgui-demo/index.html b/showcase/imgui-demo/index.html index 9e0d125f..64d5a4d2 100644 --- a/showcase/imgui-demo/index.html +++ b/showcase/imgui-demo/index.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ - + @@ -115,6 +115,6 @@ display.queue - + diff --git a/showcase/index.html b/showcase/index.html index 28d07cfe..bde2d15f 100644 --- a/showcase/index.html +++ b/showcase/index.html @@ -7,12 +7,12 @@ - - + + -
Learn Wgpu

# Foreward

The articles in this section are not meant to be tutorials. They are showcases of the various things you can do with wgpu. I won't go over specifics of creating wgpu resources, as those will be covered elsewhere. The code for these examples is still available however, and will be accessible on Github.

Last Updated: 10/9/2020, 9:10:47 PM

+

Learn Wgpu

# Foreward

The articles in this section are not meant to be tutorials. They are showcases of the various things you can do with wgpu. I won't go over specifics of creating wgpu resources, as those will be covered elsewhere. The code for these examples is still available however, and will be accessible on Github.

Last Updated: 10/9/2020, 9:11:12 PM

← →

- + diff --git a/showcase/pong/index.html b/showcase/pong/index.html index e3f243e5..55276c86 100644 --- a/showcase/pong/index.html +++ b/showcase/pong/index.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ - + @@ -205,6 +205,6 @@ →

- + diff --git a/showcase/windowless/index.html b/showcase/windowless/index.html index c038d09e..030dd27a 100644 --- a/showcase/windowless/index.html +++ b/showcase/windowless/index.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ - + @@ -228,6 +228,6 @@ output_buffer. - + diff --git a/todo.html b/todo.html index 167cec70..7cfc9b47 100644 --- a/todo.html +++ b/todo.html @@ -7,12 +7,12 @@ - - + + - - + +