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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_0.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Updates</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_1.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Who am I?</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_3.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Writing Rust in Easy English</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_4.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Rust Playground</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_5.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> 🚧 and ⚠️</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_6.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> Comments</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_7.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.</strong> Types</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_8.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.</strong> Type inference</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_9.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.</strong> Printing 'hello, world!'</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_10.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.</strong> Display and debug</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_11.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.</strong> Mutability (changing)</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_12.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.</strong> The stack, the heap, and pointers</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_13.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.</strong> More about printing</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_14.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.</strong> Strings</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.</strong> const and static</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_16.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.</strong> More on references</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_17.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.</strong> Mutable references</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_18.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.</strong> Giving references to functions</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_19.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">20.</strong> Copy types</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_20.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.</strong> Collection types</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_21.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">22.</strong> Vectors</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_22.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">23.</strong> Tuples</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_23.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">24.</strong> Control flow</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_24.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">25.</strong> Structs</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_25.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">26.</strong> Enums</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_26.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">27.</strong> Loops</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_27.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">28.</strong> Implementing structs and enums</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_28.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">29.</strong> Destructuring</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_29.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">30.</strong> References and the dot operator</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_30.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">31.</strong> Generics</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_31.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">32.</strong> Option and Result</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_32.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">33.</strong> Other collections</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_33.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">34.</strong> The ? operator</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_34.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">35.</strong> Traits</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_35.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">36.</strong> Chaining methods</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_36.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">37.</strong> Iterators</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_37.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">38.</strong> Closures</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_38.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">39.</strong> The dbg! macro and .inspect</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_39.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">40.</strong> Types of &str</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_40.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">41.</strong> Lifetimes</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_41.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">42.</strong> Interior mutability</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_42.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">43.</strong> Cow</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_43.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">44.</strong> Type aliases</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_44.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">45.</strong> The todo! macro</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_45.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">46.</strong> Rc</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_46.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">47.</strong> Multiple threads</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_47.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">48.</strong> Closures in functions</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_48.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">49.</strong> impl Trait</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_49.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">50.</strong> Arc</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_50.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">51.</strong> Channels</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_51.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">52.</strong> Reading Rust documentation</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_52.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">53.</strong> Attributes</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_53.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">54.</strong> Box</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_54.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">55.</strong> Box around traits</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_55.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">56.</strong> Default and the builder pattern</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_56.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">57.</strong> Deref and DerefMut</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_57.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">58.</strong> Crates and modules</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_58.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">59.</strong> Testing</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_59.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">60.</strong> External crates</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_60.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">61.</strong> A tour of the standard library</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_61.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">62.</strong> Writing macros</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_62.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">63.</strong> cargo</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_63.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">64.</strong> Taking user input</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_64.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">65.</strong> Using files</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_65.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">66.</strong> cargo doc</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_66.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">67.</strong> The end?</a></li></ol>
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<h1 class="menu-title">Easy Rust</h1>
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<main>
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<h2 id="reading-rust-documentation"><a class="header" href="#reading-rust-documentation">Reading Rust documentation</a></h2>
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<p>It's important to know how to read documentation in Rust so you can understand what other people wrote. Here are some things to know in Rust documentation:</p>
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<h3 id="assert_eq"><a class="header" href="#assert_eq">assert_eq!</a></h3>
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<p>You saw that <code>assert_eq!</code> is used when doing testing. You put two items inside the function and the program will panic if they are not equal. Here is a simple example where we need an even number.</p>
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<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">fn main() {
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prints_number(56);
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}
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fn prints_number(input: i32) {
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assert_eq!(input % 2, 0); // number must be equal.
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// If number % 2 is not 0, it panics
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println!("The number is not odd. It is {}", input);
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}
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</code></pre></pre>
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<p>Maybe you don't have any plans to use <code>assert_eq!</code> in your code, but it is everywhere in Rust documentation. This is because in a document you would need a lot of room to <code>println!</code> everything. Also, you would require <code>Display</code> or <code>Debug</code> for the things you want to print. That's why documentation has <code>assert_eq!</code> everywhere. Here is an example from here <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html">https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html</a> showing how to use a Vec:</p>
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<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">fn main() {
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let mut vec = Vec::new();
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vec.push(1);
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vec.push(2);
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assert_eq!(vec.len(), 2);
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assert_eq!(vec[0], 1);
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assert_eq!(vec.pop(), Some(2));
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assert_eq!(vec.len(), 1);
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vec[0] = 7;
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assert_eq!(vec[0], 7);
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vec.extend([1, 2, 3].iter().copied());
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for x in &vec {
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println!("{}", x);
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}
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assert_eq!(vec, [7, 1, 2, 3]);
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}
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</code></pre></pre>
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<p>In these examples, you can just think of <code>assert_eq!(a, b)</code> as saying "a is b". Now look at the same example with comments on the right. The comments show what it actually means.</p>
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<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">fn main() {
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let mut vec = Vec::new();
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vec.push(1);
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vec.push(2);
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assert_eq!(vec.len(), 2); // "The vec length is 2"
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assert_eq!(vec[0], 1); // "vec[0] is 1"
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assert_eq!(vec.pop(), Some(2)); // "When you use .pop(), you get Some()"
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assert_eq!(vec.len(), 1); // "The vec length is now 1"
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vec[0] = 7;
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assert_eq!(vec[0], 7); // "Vec[0] is 7"
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vec.extend([1, 2, 3].iter().copied());
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for x in &vec {
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println!("{}", x);
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}
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assert_eq!(vec, [7, 1, 2, 3]); // "The vec now has [7, 1, 2, 3]"
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}
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</code></pre></pre>
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<h3 id="searching"><a class="header" href="#searching">Searching</a></h3>
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<p>The top bar of a Rust document is the search bar. It shows you results as you type. When you go down a page you can't see the search bar anymore, but if you press the <strong>s</strong> key on the keyboard you can search again. So pressing <strong>s</strong> anywhere lets you search right away.</p>
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<h3 id="src-button"><a class="header" href="#src-button">[src] button</a></h3>
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<p>Usually the code for a method, struct, etc. will not be complete. This is because you don't usually need to see the full source to know how it works, and the full code can be confusing. But if you want to know more, you can click on [src] and see everything. For example, on the page for <code>String</code> you can see this signature for <code>.with_capacity()</code>:</p>
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<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">
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<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
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</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
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</span>// 🚧
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pub fn with_capacity(capacity: usize) -> String
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<span class="boring">}
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</span></code></pre></pre>
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<p>Okay, so you put a number in and it gives you a <code>String</code>. That's easy, but maybe we are curious and want to see more. If you click on [src] you can see this:</p>
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<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">
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<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
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</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
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</span>// 🚧
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pub fn with_capacity(capacity: usize) -> String {
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String { vec: Vec::with_capacity(capacity) }
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}
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<span class="boring">}
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</span></code></pre></pre>
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<p>Interesting! Now you can see that a String is a kind of <code>Vec</code>. And actually a <code>String</code> is a vector of <code>u8</code> bytes, which is interesting to know. You didn't need to know that to use the <code>with_capacity</code> method so you only see it if you click [src]. So clicking on [src] is a good idea if the document doesn't have much detail and you want to know more.</p>
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<h3 id="information-on-traits"><a class="header" href="#information-on-traits">Information on traits</a></h3>
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<p>The important part of the documentation for a trait is "Required Methods" on the left. If you see Required Methods, it probably means that you have to write the method yourself. For example, for <code>Iterator</code> you need to write the <code>.next()</code> method. And for <code>From</code> you need to write the <code>.from()</code> method. But some traits can be implemented with just an <strong>attribute</strong>, like we see in <code>#[derive(Debug)]</code>. <code>Debug</code> needs the <code>.fmt()</code> method, but usually you just use <code>#[derive(Debug)]</code> unless you want to do it yourself. That's why the page on <code>std::fmt::Debug</code> says that "Generally speaking, you should just derive a Debug implementation."</p>
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