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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_0.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Update</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_1.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Who am I?</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_3.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Writing Rust in Easy English</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_4.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Rust Playground</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_5.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> 🚧 and ⚠️</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_6.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> Comments</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_7.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.</strong> Types</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_8.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.</strong> Type inference</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_9.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.</strong> Printing 'hello, world!'</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_10.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.</strong> Display and debug</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_11.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.</strong> Mutability (changing)</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_12.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.</strong> The stack, the heap, and pointers</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_13.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.</strong> More about printing</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_14.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.</strong> Strings</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.</strong> const and static</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_16.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.</strong> More on references</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_17.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.</strong> Mutable references</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_18.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.</strong> Giving references to functions</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_19.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">20.</strong> Copy types</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_20.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.</strong> Collection types</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_21.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">22.</strong> Vectors</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_22.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">23.</strong> Tuples</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_23.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">24.</strong> Control flow</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_24.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">25.</strong> Structs</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_25.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">26.</strong> Enums</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_26.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">27.</strong> Loops</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_27.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">28.</strong> Implementing structs and enums</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_28.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">29.</strong> Destructuring</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_29.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">30.</strong> References and the dot operator</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_30.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">31.</strong> Generics</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_31.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">32.</strong> Option and Result</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_32.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">33.</strong> Other collections</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_33.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">34.</strong> The ? operator</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_34.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">35.</strong> Traits</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_35.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">36.</strong> Chaining methods</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_36.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">37.</strong> Iterators</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_37.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">38.</strong> Closures</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_38.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">39.</strong> The dbg! macro and .inspect</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_39.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">40.</strong> Types of &str</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_40.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">41.</strong> Lifetimes</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_41.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">42.</strong> Interior mutability</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_42.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">43.</strong> RefCell</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_43.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">44.</strong> Mutex</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_44.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">45.</strong> RwLock</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_45.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">46.</strong> Cow</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_46.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">47.</strong> Type aliases</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_47.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">48.</strong> The todo! macro</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_48.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">49.</strong> Rc</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_49.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">50.</strong> Multiple threads</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_50.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">51.</strong> Closures in functions</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_51.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">52.</strong> impl Trait</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_52.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">53.</strong> Arc</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_53.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">54.</strong> Channels</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_54.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">55.</strong> Reading Rust documentation</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_55.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">56.</strong> Attributes</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_56.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">57.</strong> Box</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_57.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">58.</strong> Box around traits</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_58.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">59.</strong> Default and the builder pattern</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_59.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">60.</strong> Deref and DerefMut</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_60.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">61.</strong> Crates and modules</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_61.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">62.</strong> Testing</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_62.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">63.</strong> External crates</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_63.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">64.</strong> A tour of the standard library</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_64.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">65.</strong> Writing macros</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_65.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">66.</strong> cargo</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_66.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">67.</strong> Taking user input</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_67.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">68.</strong> Using files</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_68.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">69.</strong> cargo doc</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_69.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">70.</strong> The end?</a></li></ol>
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<main>
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<h2><a class="header" href="#rc" id="rc">Rc</a></h2>
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<p>Rc means "reference counter". You know that in Rust, every variable can only have one owner. That is why this doesn't work:</p>
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<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">fn takes_a_string(input: String) {
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println!("It is: {}", input)
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}
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fn also_takes_a_string(input: String) {
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println!("It is: {}", input)
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}
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fn main() {
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let user_name = String::from("User MacUserson");
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takes_a_string(user_name);
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also_takes_a_string(user_name); // ⚠️
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}
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</code></pre></pre>
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<p>After <code>takes_a_string</code> takes <code>user_name</code>, you can't use it anymore. Here that is no problem: you can just give it <code>user_name.clone()</code>. But sometimes a variable is part of a struct, and maybe you can't clone the struct. Or maybe the <code>String</code> is really long and you don't want to clone it. These are some reasons for <code>Rc</code>, which lets you have more than one owner. An <code>Rc</code> is like a good office worker: <code>Rc</code> writes down who has ownership, and how many. Then once the number of owners goes down to 0, the variable can disappear.</p>
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<p>Here's how you use an <code>Rc</code>. First imagine two structs: one called <code>City</code>, and another called <code>CityData</code>. <code>City</code> has information for one city, and <code>CityData</code> puts all the cities together in <code>Vec</code>s.</p>
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<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">#[derive(Debug)]
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struct City {
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name: String,
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population: u32,
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city_history: String,
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}
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#[derive(Debug)]
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struct CityData {
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names: Vec<String>,
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histories: Vec<String>,
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}
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fn main() {
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let calgary = City {
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name: "Calgary".to_string(),
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population: 1_200_000,
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// Pretend that this string is very very long
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city_history: "Calgary began as a fort called Fort Calgary that...".to_string(),
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};
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let canada_cities = CityData {
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names: vec![calgary.name], // This is using calgary.name, which is short
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histories: vec![calgary.city_history], // But this String is very long
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};
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println!("Calgary's history is: {}", calgary.city_history); // ⚠️
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}
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</code></pre></pre>
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<p>Of course, it doesn't work because <code>canada_cities</code> now owns the data and <code>calgary</code> doesn't. It says:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-text">error[E0382]: borrow of moved value: `calgary.city_history`
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--> src\main.rs:27:42
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24 | histories: vec![calgary.city_history], // But this String is very long
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| -------------------- value moved here
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...
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27 | println!("Calgary's history is: {}", calgary.city_history); // ⚠️
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| ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ value borrowed here after move
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= note: move occurs because `calgary.city_history` has type `std::string::String`, which does not implement the `Copy` trait
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</code></pre>
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<p>We can clone the name: <code>names: vec![calgary.name.clone()]</code> but we don't want to clone the <code>city_history</code>, which is long. So we can use an <code>Rc</code>.</p>
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<p>Add the <code>use</code> declaration:</p>
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<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">use std::rc::Rc;
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fn main() {}
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</code></pre></pre>
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<p>Then put <code>Rc</code> around <code>String</code>.</p>
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<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">use std::rc::Rc;
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#[derive(Debug)]
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struct City {
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name: String,
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population: u32,
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city_history: Rc<String>,
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}
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#[derive(Debug)]
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struct CityData {
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names: Vec<String>,
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histories: Vec<Rc<String>>,
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}
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fn main() {}
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</code></pre></pre>
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<p>To add a new reference, you have to <code>clone</code> the <code>Rc</code>. But hold on, didn't we want to avoid using <code>.clone()</code>? Not exactly: we didn't want to clone the whole String. But a clone of an <code>Rc</code> just clones the pointer - it's basically free. It's like putting a name sticker on a box of books to show that two people own it, instead of making a whole new box.</p>
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<p>You can clone an <code>Rc</code> called <code>item</code> with <code>item.clone()</code> or with <code>Rc::clone(&item)</code>. So calgary.city_history has 2 owners. We can check the number of owners with <code>Rc::strong_count(&item)</code>. Also let's add a new owner. Now our code looks like this:</p>
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<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">use std::rc::Rc;
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#[derive(Debug)]
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struct City {
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name: String,
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population: u32,
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city_history: Rc<String>, // String inside an Rc
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}
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#[derive(Debug)]
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struct CityData {
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names: Vec<String>,
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histories: Vec<Rc<String>>, // A Vec of Strings inside Rcs
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}
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fn main() {
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let calgary = City {
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name: "Calgary".to_string(),
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population: 1_200_000,
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// Pretend that this string is very very long
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city_history: Rc::new("Calgary began as a fort called Fort Calgary that...".to_string()), // Rc::new() to make the Rc
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};
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let canada_cities = CityData {
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names: vec![calgary.name],
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histories: vec![calgary.city_history.clone()], // .clone() to increase the count
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};
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println!("Calgary's history is: {}", calgary.city_history);
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println!("{}", Rc::strong_count(&calgary.city_history));
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let new_owner = calgary.city_history.clone();
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}
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</code></pre></pre>
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<p>This prints <code>2</code>. And <code>new_owner</code> is now an <code>Rc<String></code>. Now if we use <code>println!("{}", Rc::strong_count(&calgary.city_history));</code>, we get <code>3</code>.</p>
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<p>So if there are strong pointers, are there weak pointers? Yes, there are. Weak pointers are useful because if two <code>Rc</code>s point at each other, they can't die. This is called a "reference cycle". If item 1 has an Rc to item 2, and item 2 has an Rc to item 1, they can't get to 0. In this case you want to use weak references. Then <code>Rc</code> will count the references, but if it only has weak references then it can die. You use <code>Rc::downgrade(&item)</code> instead of <code>Rc::clone(&item)</code> to make weak references. Also, you use <code>Rc::weak_count(&item)</code> to see the weak count.</p>
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