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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_0.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Updates</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_1.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Who am I?</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_3.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Writing Rust in Easy English</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_4.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Rust Playground</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_5.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> 🚧 and ⚠️</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_6.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> Comments</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_7.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.</strong> Types</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_8.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.</strong> Type inference</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_9.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.</strong> Printing 'hello, world!'</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_10.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.</strong> Display and debug</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_11.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.</strong> Mutability (changing)</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_12.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.</strong> The stack, the heap, and pointers</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_13.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.</strong> More about printing</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_14.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.</strong> Strings</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.</strong> const and static</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_16.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.</strong> More on references</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_17.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.</strong> Mutable references</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_18.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.</strong> Giving references to functions</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_19.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">20.</strong> Copy types</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_20.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.</strong> Collection types</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_21.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">22.</strong> Vectors</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_22.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">23.</strong> Tuples</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_23.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">24.</strong> Control flow</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_24.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">25.</strong> Structs</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_25.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">26.</strong> Enums</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_26.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">27.</strong> Loops</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_27.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">28.</strong> Implementing structs and enums</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_28.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">29.</strong> Destructuring</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_29.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">30.</strong> References and the dot operator</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_30.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">31.</strong> Generics</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_31.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">32.</strong> Option and Result</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_32.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">33.</strong> Other collections</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_33.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">34.</strong> The ? operator</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_34.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">35.</strong> Traits</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_35.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">36.</strong> Chaining methods</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_36.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">37.</strong> Iterators</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_37.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">38.</strong> Closures</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_38.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">39.</strong> The dbg! macro and .inspect</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_39.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">40.</strong> Types of &str</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_40.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">41.</strong> Lifetimes</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_41.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">42.</strong> Interior mutability</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_42.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">43.</strong> Cow</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_43.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">44.</strong> Type aliases</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_44.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">45.</strong> The todo! macro</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_45.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">46.</strong> Rc</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_46.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">47.</strong> Multiple threads</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_47.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">48.</strong> Closures in functions</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_48.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">49.</strong> impl Trait</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_49.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">50.</strong> Arc</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_50.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">51.</strong> Channels</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_51.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">52.</strong> Reading Rust documentation</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_52.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">53.</strong> Attributes</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_53.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">54.</strong> Box</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_54.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">55.</strong> Box around traits</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_55.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">56.</strong> Default and the builder pattern</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_56.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">57.</strong> Deref and DerefMut</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_57.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">58.</strong> Crates and modules</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_58.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">59.</strong> Testing</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_59.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">60.</strong> External crates</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_60.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">61.</strong> A tour of the standard library</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_61.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">62.</strong> Writing macros</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_62.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">63.</strong> cargo</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_63.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">64.</strong> Taking user input</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_64.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">65.</strong> Using files</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_65.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">66.</strong> cargo doc</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Chapter_66.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">67.</strong> The end?</a></li></ol>
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<main>
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<h2 id="type-inference"><a class="header" href="#type-inference">Type inference</a></h2>
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<p><strong><a href="https://youtu.be/q1D2vpy3kEI">See this chapter on YouTube</a></strong></p>
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<p>Type inference means that if you don't tell the compiler the type, but it can decide by itself, it will decide. The compiler always needs to know the type of the variables, but you don’t always need to tell it. Actually, usually you don't need to tell it. For example, for <code>let my_number = 8</code>, <code>my_number</code> will be an <code>i32</code>. That is because the compiler chooses i32 for integers if you don't tell it. But if you say <code>let my_number: u8 = 8</code>, it will make <code>my_number</code> a <code>u8</code>, because you told it <code>u8</code>.</p>
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<p>So usually the compiler can guess. But sometimes you need to tell it, for two reasons:</p>
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<ol>
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<li>You are doing something very complex and the compiler doesn't know the type you want.</li>
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<li>You want a different type (for example, you want an <code>i128</code>, not an <code>i32</code>).</li>
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</ol>
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<p>To specify a type, add a colon after the variable name.</p>
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<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">fn main() {
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let small_number: u8 = 10;
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}
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</code></pre></pre>
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<p>For numbers, you can say the type after the number. You don't need a space - just type it right after the number.</p>
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<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">fn main() {
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let small_number = 10u8; // 10u8 = 10 of type u8
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}
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</code></pre></pre>
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<p>You can also add <code>_</code> if you want to make the number easy to read.</p>
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<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">fn main() {
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let small_number = 10_u8; // This is easier to read
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let big_number = 100_000_000_i32; // 100 million is easy to read with _
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}
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</code></pre></pre>
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<p>The <code>_</code> does not change the number. It is only to make it easy for you to read. And it doesn't matter how many <code>_</code> you use:</p>
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<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">fn main() {
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let number = 0________u8;
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let number2 = 1___6______2____4______i32;
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println!("{}, {}", number, number2);
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}
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</code></pre></pre>
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<p>This prints <code>0, 1624</code>.</p>
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<h3 id="floats"><a class="header" href="#floats">Floats</a></h3>
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<p>Floats are numbers with decimal points. 5.5 is a float, and 6 is an integer. 5.0 is also a float, and even 5. is a float.</p>
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<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">fn main() {
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let my_float = 5.; // Rust sees . and knows that it is a float
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}
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</code></pre></pre>
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<p>But the types are not called <code>float</code>, they are called <code>f32</code> and <code>f64</code>. It is the same as integers: the number after <code>f</code> shows the number of bits. If you don't write the type, Rust will choose <code>f64</code>.</p>
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<p>Of course, only floats of the same type can be used together. So you can't add an <code>f32</code> to an <code>f64</code>.</p>
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<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">fn main() {
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let my_float: f64 = 5.0; // This is an f64
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let my_other_float: f32 = 8.5; // This is an f32
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let third_float = my_float + my_other_float; // ⚠️
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}
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</code></pre></pre>
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<p>When you try to run this, Rust will say:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-text">error[E0308]: mismatched types
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--> src\main.rs:5:34
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5 | let third_float = my_float + my_other_float;
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| ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ expected `f64`, found `f32`
|
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</code></pre>
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<p>The compiler writes "expected (type), found (type)" when you use the wrong type. It reads your code like this:</p>
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<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">fn main() {
|
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let my_float: f64 = 5.0; // The compiler sees an f64
|
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let my_other_float: f32 = 8.5; // The compiler sees an f32. It is a different type.
|
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let third_float = my_float + // You want to add my_float to something, so it must be an f64 plus another f64. Now it expects an f64...
|
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let third_float = my_float + my_other_float; // ⚠️ but it found an f32. It can't add them.
|
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}
|
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</code></pre></pre>
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<p>So when you see "expected (type), found (type)", you must find why the compiler expected a different type.</p>
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<p>Of course, with simple numbers it is easy to fix. You can cast the <code>f32</code> to an <code>f64</code> with <code>as</code>:</p>
|
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<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">fn main() {
|
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|
let my_float: f64 = 5.0;
|
|
|
let my_other_float: f32 = 8.5;
|
|
|
|
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|
let third_float = my_float + my_other_float as f64; // my_other_float as f64 = use my_other_float like an f64
|
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}
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</code></pre></pre>
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<p>Or even more simply, remove the type declarations. ("to declare a type" = "to tell Rust to use the type") Rust will choose types that can add together.</p>
|
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|
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">fn main() {
|
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|
let my_float = 5.0; // Rust will choose f64
|
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|
let my_other_float = 8.5; // Here again it will choose f64
|
|
|
|
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|
let third_float = my_float + my_other_float;
|
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}
|
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</code></pre></pre>
|
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<p>The Rust compiler is smart and will not choose f64 if you need f32:</p>
|
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|
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">fn main() {
|
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|
let my_float: f32 = 5.0;
|
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|
let my_other_float = 8.5; // Usually Rust would choose f64,
|
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|
|
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|
let third_float = my_float + my_other_float; // but now it knows that you need to add it to an f32. So it chooses f32 for my_other_float too
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}
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</code></pre></pre>
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</main>
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