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// define function
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// GOOD
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def f(x: Int) = { x*x }
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// BAD
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// hidden error: without = it’s a Unit-returning procedure; causes havoc
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def f(x: Int) { x*x }
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// define function
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// GOOD
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def f(x: Any) = println(x)
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// BAD
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// syntax error: need types for every arg.
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def f(x) = println(x)
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// type alias
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type R = Double
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// call-by-value
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def f(x: R)
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// call-by-name (lazy parameters)
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def f(x: => R)
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// anonymous function
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(x:R) => x*x
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// anonymous function: underscore is positionally matched arg.
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(1 to 5).map(_*2) // vs.
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(1 to 5).reduceLeft( _+_ )
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// anonymous function: to use an arg twice, have to name it.
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(1 to 5).map( x => x*x )
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// anonymous function: bound infix method. Use 2*_ for sanity’s sake instead.
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// GOOD
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(1 to 5).map(2*)
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// BAD
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(1 to 5).map(*2)
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// anonymous function: block style returns last expression.
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(1 to 5).map { x => val y=x*2; println(y); y }
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// anonymous functions: pipeline style. (or parens too).
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(1 to 5) filter {_%2 == 0} map {_*2}
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// anonymous functions: to pass in multiple blocks, need outer parens.
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def compose(g:R=>R, h:R=>R) = (x:R) => g(h(x))
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val f = compose({_*2}, {_-1})
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// currying, obvious syntax.
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val zscore = (mean:R, sd:R) => (x:R) => (x-mean)/sd
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// currying, obvious syntax
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def zscore(mean:R, sd:R) = (x:R) => (x-mean)/sd
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// currying, sugar syntax. but then:
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def zscore(mean:R, sd:R)(x:R) = (x-mean)/sd
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// need trailing underscore to get the partial, only for the sugar version.
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val normer = zscore(7, 0.4) _
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// using curried parameters with a partially applied function
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// can be called as "add(1)(2)" to return "3"
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def add(x: Int) = x + (_: Int)
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// generic type.
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def mapmake[T](g:T=>T)(seq: List[T]) = seq.map(g)
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// infix sugar.
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5.+(3); 5 + 3
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(1 to 5) map (_*2)
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// varargs
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def sum(args: Int*) = args.reduceLeft(_+_)
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// default parameters
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def countTo(i: Int = 5) = 1 to i
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countTo(3) = Range(1,2,3)
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countTo() = Range(1,2,3,4,5)
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// higher order functions
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// as long as a function returns the correct type, it can be used as a parameter in another function
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def sum(a: Int, b: Int): Int = a + b
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def double(x: Int): Int = x * 2
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double(sum(1, 1)) // returns 4
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