Prompt-Engineering-Guide/pages/papers.en.mdx

# Papers

The following are the latest papers (sorted by release date) on prompt engineering. We update this on a daily basis and new papers come in. We incorporate summaries of these papers to the guides above every week.

## Overviews

  - [Nature Language Reasoning, A Survey](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.14725) (March 2023)
  - [Augmented Language Models: a Survey](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.07842) (Feb 2023)
  - [A Survey for In-context Learning](https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.00234) (Dec 2022)
  - [Towards Reasoning in Large Language Models: A Survey](https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.10403) (Dec 2022)
  - [Reasoning with Language Model Prompting: A Survey](https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.09597) (Dec 2022)
  - [Emergent Abilities of Large Language Models](https://arxiv.org/abs/2206.07682) (Jun 2022)
  - [A Taxonomy of Prompt Modifiers for Text-To-Image Generation](https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.13988) (Apr 2022)
  - [Pre-train, Prompt, and Predict: A Systematic Survey of Prompting Methods in Natural Language Processing](https://arxiv.org/abs/2107.13586) (Jul 2021)

## Approaches
  
  - [Self-Refine: Iterative Refinement with Self-Feedback](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.17651v1) (Mar 2023)
  - [kNN Prompting: Beyond-Context Learning with Calibration-Free Nearest Neighbor Inference](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.13824) (Mar 2023)
  - [Visual-Language Prompt Tuning with Knowledge-guided Context Optimization](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.13283) (Mar 2023)
  - [Fairness-guided Few-shot Prompting for Large Language Models](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.13217) (Mar 2023)
  - [Context-faithful Prompting for Large Language Models](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.11315) (Mar 2023)
  - [Is Prompt All You Need? No. A Comprehensive and Broader View of Instruction Learning](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.10475) (Mar 2023)
  - [UPRISE: Universal Prompt Retrieval for Improving Zero-Shot Evaluation](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.08518) (Mar 2023)
  - [Model-tuning Via Prompts Makes NLP Models Adversarially Robust](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.07320) (Mar 2023)
  - [Structure Pretraining and Prompt Tuning for Knowledge Graph Transfer](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.03922) (March 2023)
  - [CoTEVer: Chain of Thought Prompting Annotation Toolkit for Explanation Verification](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.03628) (March 2023)
  - [Larger language models do in-context learning differently](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.03846) (March 2023)
  - [OpenICL: An Open-Source Framework for In-context Learning](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.02913) (March 2023)
  - [Dynamic Prompting: A Unified Framework for Prompt Tuning](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.02909) (March 2023)
  - [Multitask Prompt Tuning Enables Parameter-Efficient Transfer Learning](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.02861) (March 2023)
  - [Effectiveness of Data Augmentation for Prefix Tuning with Limited Data](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.02577) (March 2023)
  - [Mixture of Soft Prompts for Controllable Data Generation](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.01580) (March 2023)
  - [Prompt, Generate, then Cache: Cascade of Foundation Models makes Strong Few-shot Learners](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.02151) (March 2023)
  - [How Robust is GPT-3.5 to Predecessors? A Comprehensive Study on Language Understanding Tasks](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.00293) (March 2023)
  - [Can ChatGPT Understand Too? A Comparative Study on ChatGPT and Fine-tuned BERT](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2302.10198.pdf) (Feb 2023)
  - [EvoPrompting: Language Models for Code-Level Neural Architecture Search](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.14838) (Feb 2023)
  - [In-Context Instruction Learning](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.14691) (Feb 2023)
  - [Chain of Hindsight Aligns Language Models with Feedback](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.02676) (Feb 2023)
  - [Language Is Not All You Need: Aligning Perception with Language Models](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.14045) (Feb 2023)
  - [Automatic Prompt Augmentation and Selection with Chain-of-Thought from Labeled Data](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.12822) (Feb 2023)
  - [Active Prompting with Chain-of-Thought for Large Language Models](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.12246) (Feb 2023)
  - [More than you've asked for: A Comprehensive Analysis of Novel Prompt Injection Threats to Application-Integrated Large Language Models](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.12173) (Feb 2023)
  - [A Prompt Pattern Catalog to Enhance Prompt Engineering with ChatGPT](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.11382) (Feb 2023)
  - [Guiding Large Language Models via Directional Stimulus Prompting](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.11520) (Feb 2023)
  - [How Does In-Context Learning Help Prompt Tuning?](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.11521) (Feb 2023)
  - [Scalable Prompt Generation for Semi-supervised Learning with Language Models](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.09236) (Feb 2023)
  - [Bounding the Capabilities of Large Language Models in Open Text Generation with Prompt Constraints](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.09185) (Feb 2023)
  - [À-la-carte Prompt Tuning (APT): Combining Distinct Data Via Composable Prompting](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.07994) (Feb 2023)
  - [GraphPrompt: Unifying Pre-Training and Downstream Tasks for Graph Neural Networks](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.08043) (Feb 2023)
  - [The Capacity for Moral Self-Correction in Large Language Models](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.07459) (Feb 2023)
  - [SwitchPrompt: Learning Domain-Specific Gated Soft Prompts for Classification in Low-Resource Domains](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.06868) (Feb 2023)
  - [Evaluating the Robustness of Discrete Prompts](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.05619) (Feb 2023)
  - [Compositional Exemplars for In-context Learning](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.05698) (Feb 2023)
  - [Hard Prompts Made Easy: Gradient-Based Discrete Optimization for Prompt Tuning and Discovery](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.03668) (Feb 2023)
  - [Multimodal Chain-of-Thought Reasoning in Language Models](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.00923) (Feb 2023)
  - [Large Language Models Can Be Easily Distracted by Irrelevant Context](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.00093) (Feb 2023)
  - [Synthetic Prompting: Generating Chain-of-Thought Demonstrations for Large Language Models](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.00618) (Feb 2023)
  - [Progressive Prompts: Continual Learning for Language Models](https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.12314) (Jan 2023)
  - [Batch Prompting: Efficient Inference with LLM APIs](https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.08721) (Jan 2023)
  - [Demonstrate-Search-Predict: Composing retrieval and language models for knowledge-intensive NLP](https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.14024) (Dec 2022)
  - [On Second Thought, Let's Not Think Step by Step! Bias and Toxicity in Zero-Shot Reasoning](https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.08061) (Dec 2022)
  - [Constitutional AI: Harmlessness from AI Feedback](https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.08073) (Dec 2022)
  - [Successive Prompting for Decomposing Complex Questions](https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.04092) (Dec 2022)
  - [Large Language Models are reasoners with Self-Verification](https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.09561v1) (Dec 2022)
  - [Discovering Language Model Behaviors with Model-Written Evaluations](https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.09251) (Dec 2022)
  - [Structured Prompting: Scaling In-Context Learning to 1,000 Examples](https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.06713) (Dec 2022)
  - [PAL: Program-aided Language Models](https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.10435) (Nov 2022)
  - [Large Language Models Are Human-Level Prompt Engineers](https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.01910) (Nov 2022)
  - [Ignore Previous Prompt: Attack Techniques For Language Models](https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.09527) (Nov 2022)
  - [Machine Generated Text: A Comprehensive Survey of Threat Models and Detection Methods](https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.07321) (Nov 2022)
  - [Teaching Algorithmic Reasoning via In-context Learning](https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.09066) (Nov 2022)
  - [Enhancing Self-Consistency and Performance of Pre-Trained Language Models through Natural Language Inference](https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.11875) (Nov 2022)
  - [Ask Me Anything: A simple strategy for prompting language models](https://paperswithcode.com/paper/ask-me-anything-a-simple-strategy-for) (Oct 2022)
  - [Recitation-Augmented Language Models](https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.01296) (Oct 2022)
  - [ReAct: Synergizing Reasoning and Acting in Language Models](https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.03629) (Oct 2022)
  - [Prompting GPT-3 To Be Reliable](https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.09150) (Oct 2022)
  - [Decomposed Prompting: A Modular Approach for Solving Complex Tasks](https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.02406) (Oct 2022)
  - [Language Models Are Greedy Reasoners: A Systematic Formal Analysis of Chain-of-Thought](https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.01240v3) (Oct 2022)
  - [Evaluating the Susceptibility of Pre-Trained Language Models via Handcrafted Adversarial Examples](https://arxiv.org/abs/2209.02128) (Sep 2022)
  - [Dynamic Prompt Learning via Policy Gradient for Semi-structured Mathematical Reasoning](https://arxiv.org/abs/2209.14610) (Sep 2022)
  - [Promptagator: Few-shot Dense Retrieval From 8 Examples](https://arxiv.org/abs/2209.11755) (Sep 2022)
  - [Atlas: Few-shot Learning with Retrieval Augmented Language Models](https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.03299) (Nov 2022)
  - [DocPrompting: Generating Code by Retrieving the Docs](https://arxiv.org/abs/2207.05987) (July 2022)
  - [On the Advance of Making Language Models Better Reasoners](https://arxiv.org/abs/2206.02336) (June 2022)
  - [Large Language Models are Zero-Shot Reasoners](https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.11916) (May 2022)
  - [Maieutic Prompting: Logically Consistent Reasoning with Recursive Explanations](https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.11822) (May 2022)
  - [MRKL Systems: A modular, neuro-symbolic architecture that combines large language models, external knowledge sources and discrete reasoning](https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.00445) (May 2022)
  - [PPT: Pre-trained Prompt Tuning for Few-shot Learning](https://aclanthology.org/2022.acl-long.576/) (Mqy 2022)
  - [Toxicity Detection with Generative Prompt-based Inference](https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.12390) (May 2022)
  - [Learning to Transfer Prompts for Text Generation](https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.01543) (May 2022)
  - [The Unreliability of Explanations in Few-shot Prompting for Textual Reasoning](https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.03401) (May 2022)
  - [A Taxonomy of Prompt Modifiers for Text-To-Image Generation](https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.13988) (Apr 2022)
  - [PromptChainer: Chaining Large Language Model Prompts through Visual Programming](https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.06566) (Mar 2022)
  - [Self-Consistency Improves Chain of Thought Reasoning in Language Models](https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.11171) (March 2022)
  - [Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback](https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.02155)
  - [Rethinking the Role of Demonstrations: What Makes In-Context Learning Work?](https://arxiv.org/abs/2202.12837) (Feb 2022)
  - [Chain of Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Models](https://arxiv.org/abs/2201.11903) (Jan 2022)
  - [Show Your Work: Scratchpads for Intermediate Computation with Language Models](https://arxiv.org/abs/2112.00114) (Nov 2021)
  - [AI Chains: Transparent and Controllable Human-AI Interaction by Chaining Large Language Model Prompts](https://arxiv.org/abs/2110.01691) (Oct 2021)
  - [Generated Knowledge Prompting for Commonsense Reasoning](https://arxiv.org/abs/2110.08387) (Oct 2021)
  - [Multitask Prompted Training Enables Zero-Shot Task Generalization](https://arxiv.org/abs/2110.08207) (Oct 2021)
  - [Reframing Instructional Prompts to GPTk's Language](https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.07830) (Sep 2021)
  - [Design Guidelines for Prompt Engineering Text-to-Image Generative Models](https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.06977) (Sep 2021)
  - [Making Pre-trained Language Models Better Few-shot Learners](https://aclanthology.org/2021.acl-long.295) (Aug 2021)
  - [Fantastically Ordered Prompts and Where to Find Them: Overcoming Few-Shot Prompt Order Sensitivity](https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.08786) (April 2021)
  - [BERTese: Learning to Speak to BERT](https://aclanthology.org/2021.eacl-main.316) (April 2021)
  - [The Power of Scale for Parameter-Efficient Prompt Tuning](https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.08691) (April 2021)
  - [Prompt Programming for Large Language Models: Beyond the Few-Shot Paradigm](https://arxiv.org/abs/2102.07350) (Feb 2021)
  - [Calibrate Before Use: Improving Few-Shot Performance of Language Models](https://arxiv.org/abs/2102.09690) (Feb 2021)
  - [Prefix-Tuning: Optimizing Continuous Prompts for Generation](https://arxiv.org/abs/2101.00190) (Jan 2021)
  - [Learning to Generate Task-Specific Adapters from Task Description](https://arxiv.org/abs/2101.00420) (Jan 2021)
  - [Making Pre-trained Language Models Better Few-shot Learners](https://arxiv.org/abs/2012.15723) (Dec 2020)
  - [Learning from Task Descriptions](https://aclanthology.org/2020.emnlp-main.105/) (Nov 2020)
  - [AutoPrompt: Eliciting Knowledge from Language Models with Automatically Generated Prompts](https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.15980) (Oct 2020)
  - [Language Models are Few-Shot Learners](https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.14165) (May 2020)
  - [How Can We Know What Language Models Know?](https://direct.mit.edu/tacl/article/doi/10.1162/tacl_a_00324/96460/How-Can-We-Know-What-Language-Models-Know) (July 2020)
  - [Scaling Laws for Neural Language Models](https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.08361) (Jan 2020)

## Applications
  
  - [BloombergGPT: A Large Language Model for Finance](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.17564) (March 2023)
  - [Medical Intervention Duration Estimation Using Language-enhanced Transformer Encoder with Medical Prompts](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.17408) (March 2023)
  - [Soft-prompt tuning to predict lung cancer using primary care free-text Dutch medical notes](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.15846) (March 2023)
  - [TaskMatrix.AI: Completing Tasks by Connecting Foundation Models with Millions of APIs](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.16434) (March 2023)
  - [Larger Probes Tell a Different Story: Extending Psycholinguistic Datasets Via In-Context Learning](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.16445) (March 2023)
  - [Linguistically Informed ChatGPT Prompts to Enhance Japanese-Chinese Machine Translation: A Case Study on Attributive Clauses](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.15587) (March 2023)
  - [Knowledge-augmented Frame Semantic Parsing with Hybrid Prompt-tuning](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.14375) (March 2023)
  - [Debiasing Scores and Prompts of 2D Diffusion for Robust Text-to-3D Generation](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.15413) (March 2023)
  - [Zero-shot Model Diagnosis](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.15441#) (March 2023)
  - [Prompting Large Language Models to Generate Code-Mixed Texts: The Case of South East Asian Languages](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.13592) (March 2023)
  - [SPeC: A Soft Prompt-Based Calibration on Mitigating Performance Variability in Clinical Notes Summarization](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.13035) (March 2023)
  - [Large Language Models and Simple, Stupid Bugs](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.11455) (March 2023)
  - [Can Generative Pre-trained Transformers (GPT) Pass Assessments in Higher Education Programming Courses?](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.09325) (Mar 2023)
  - [SelfCheckGPT: Zero-Resource Black-Box Hallucination Detection for Generative Large Language Models](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.08896) (Mar 2023)
  - [ICL-D3IE: In-Context Learning with Diverse Demonstrations Updating for Document Information Extraction](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.05063) (March 2023)
  - [MathPrompter: Mathematical Reasoning using Large Language Models](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.05398) (March 2023)
  - [Prompt-Based Learning for Thread Structure Prediction in Cybersecurity Forums](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.05400) (March 2023)
  - [Choice Over Control: How Users Write with Large Language Models using Diegetic and Non-Diegetic Prompting](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.03199) (March 2023)
  - [Prompting Large Language Models with Answer Heuristics for Knowledge-based Visual Question Answering](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.01903) (March 2023)
  - [Soft Prompt Guided Joint Learning for Cross-Domain Sentiment Analysis](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.00815) (March 2023)
  - [SpeechPrompt v2: Prompt Tuning for Speech Classification Tasks](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.00733) (March 2023)
  - [Goal Driven Discovery of Distributional Differences via Language Descriptions](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.14233) (Feb 2023)
  - [Navigating the Grey Area: Expressions of Overconfidence and Uncertainty in Language Models](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.13439) (Feb 2023)
  - [TabGenie: A Toolkit for Table-to-Text Generation](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.14169) (Feb 2023)
  - [SGL-PT: A Strong Graph Learner with Graph Prompt Tuning](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.12449) (Feb 2023)
  - [Few-Shot Table-to-Text Generation with Prompt-based Adapter](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.12468) (Feb 2023)
  - [Language Models Are Few-shot Learners for Prognostic Prediction](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.12692) (Feb 2023)
  - [STA: Self-controlled Text Augmentation for Improving Text Classifications](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.12784) (Feb 2023)
  - [Check Your Facts and Try Again: Improving Large Language Models with External Knowledge and Automated Feedback](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.12813) (Feb 2023)
  - [How Generative AI models such as ChatGPT can be (Mis)Used in SPC Practice, Education, and Research? An Exploratory Study](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.10916) (Feb 2023) 
  - [Grimm in Wonderland: Prompt Engineering with Midjourney to Illustrate Fairytales](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.08961) (Feb 2023)
  - [LabelPrompt: Effective Prompt-based Learning for Relation Classification](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.08068) (Feb 2023)
  - [Language Model Crossover: Variation through Few-Shot Prompting](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.09236) (Feb 2023)
  - [Prompt Tuning of Deep Neural Networks for Speaker-adaptive Visual Speech Recognition](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.08102) (Feb 2023)
  - [The Capacity for Moral Self-Correction in Large Language Models](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.07459) (Feb 2023)
  - [Prompting for Multimodal Hateful Meme Classification](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.04156) (Feb 2023)
  - [PLACES: Prompting Language Models for Social Conversation Synthesis](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.03269) (Feb 2023)
  - [Commonsense-Aware Prompting for Controllable Empathetic Dialogue Generation](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.01441) (Feb 2023)
  - [Crawling the Internal Knowledge-Base of Language Models](https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.12810) (Jan 2023)
  - [Legal Prompt Engineering for Multilingual Legal Judgement Prediction](https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.02199) (Dec 2022)
  - [Investigating Prompt Engineering in Diffusion Models](https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.15462) (Nov 2022)
  - [Learn to Explain: Multimodal Reasoning via Thought Chains for Science Question Answering](https://arxiv.org/abs/2209.09513v2) (Sep 2022)
  - [Conversing with Copilot: Exploring Prompt Engineering for Solving CS1 Problems Using Natural Language](https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.15157) (Oct 2022)
  - [Piloting Copilot and Codex: Hot Temperature, Cold Prompts, or Black Magic?](https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.14699) (Oct 2022)
  - [Plot Writing From Scratch Pre-Trained Language Models](https://aclanthology.org/2022.inlg-main.5) (July 2022)
  - [Survey of Hallucination in Natural Language Generation](https://arxiv.org/abs/2202.03629) (Feb 2022)

## Collections

  - [Chain-of-Thought Papers](https://github.com/Timothyxxx/Chain-of-ThoughtsPapers)
  - [Papers with Code](https://paperswithcode.com/task/prompt-engineering)
  - [Prompt Papers](https://github.com/thunlp/PromptPapers#papers)